{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:42:48Z","timestamp":1789422168518,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]],"date-time":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The innate immune system is essential for host defense; it senses the presence of potentially pathogenic-invading microorganisms, and the contribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to this response is increasingly recognized. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of TLR4 to the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo. We used C57BL\/10ScNCr (TLR40\/0) and C57BL\/10ScCr [TLR4\/interleukin-12 (IL-12)R\u03b220\/0] mice and compared the course of Leishmania major infection, parasite load, cell recruitment, and cytokine profile with those of wild-type C57BL\/10ScSn mice. Our results confirm the importance of IL-12 receptor-mediated signaling in resistance to L. major infections. Importantly, we show that the lack of TLR4 results in an increased permissiveness for parasite growth during the innate and adaptive phase of the immune response and in delayed healing of the cutaneous lesions. The use of the tlr4 transgenic mouse strain TCr5 demonstrated unequivocally that TLR4 contributes to the efficient control of Leishmania growth in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]],"date-time":"2004-03-30T01:12:59Z","timestamp":1080609179000},"page":"48-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Infection of C57BL\/10ScCr and C57BL\/10ScNCr mice with<i>Leishmania major<\/i>reveals a role for Toll-like receptor 4 in the control of parasite replication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Kropf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Freudenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Kalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Immunbiology , Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Modolell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Immunbiology , Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Herath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Galanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Immunbiology , Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Freudenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Immunbiology , Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1102-1041","article-title":"Evasion of innate immunity by parasitic protozoa","volume":"3","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","first-page":"441","article-title":"Immunoregulation in Leishmaniasis","volume":"46","author":"Carvalho","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cienc. Cult."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60185-6","article-title":"Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases","volume":"13","author":"Turk","year":"1971","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nri933","article-title":"The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice","volume":"2","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055","article-title":"The regulation of immunity to","volume":"13","author":"Reiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Leishmania major. Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050230","article-title":"Progressive disease or protective immunity to Leishmania major infection: the result of a network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions","volume":"76","author":"Etges","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.12.4794","article-title":"Macrophage killing of Leishmania parasite in vivo is mediated by nitric oxide from arginine","volume":"144","author":"Liew","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.50.1.93","article-title":"Cytokine-induced synthesis of nitrogen oxides in macrophages: a protective host response to Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens","volume":"50","author":"Green","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.49.1.73","article-title":"Killing of Leishmania parasites in activated murine macrophages is based on an L-arginine-dependent process that produces nitrogen derivatives","volume":"49","author":"Mauel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.6.777","article-title":"The inhibition of arginase by N\u03c9-hydroxy-L-arginine controls the growths of Leishmania inside macrophages","volume":"193","author":"Iniesta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00444.x","article-title":"Arginase I induction in macrophages, triggered by Th2-type cytokines supports the growth of intracellular Leishmania parasites","volume":"24","author":"Iniesta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5347","article-title":"Alternative metabolic states in murine macrophages reflected by the nitric oxide synthase\/arginase balance: competitive regulation by CD4+ T cells correlates with Th1\/Th2 phenotype","volume":"160","author":"Munder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.898","article-title":"Inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes by the intracellular parasite","volume":"169","author":"Aga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leishmania major. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.12.2121","article-title":"Fibroblasts as host cells in latent leishmaniasis","volume":"191","author":"Bogdan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251215","article-title":"In susceptible mice, Leishmania major induce very rapid interleukin-4 production by CD4+ T cells which are NK1.1\u2013","volume":"25","author":"Launois","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80342-8","article-title":"IL-4 rapidly produced by V\u03b24V\u03b18 CD4+ T cells instructs Th2 development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB\/c mice","volume":"6","author":"Launois","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80460-4","article-title":"Type 1 interferon (IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2) and type 2 nitric oxide synthase regulate the innate immune response to a protozoan parasite","volume":"8","author":"Diefenbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00075-1","article-title":"Neutrophil granulocytes\u2014Trojan horses for Leishmania major and other intracellular microbes?","volume":"11","author":"Laskay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80412-2","article-title":"Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition","volume":"91","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01845-X","article-title":"The Toll receptor family and microbial recognition","volume":"8","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324037","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: networking for success","volume":"33","author":"Underhill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(00)01811-1","article-title":"Dendritic cell function in Toll-like receptor and MyD88 knockout mice","volume":"22","author":"Kaisho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.2.588","article-title":"A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll","volume":"95","author":"Rock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/35040600","article-title":"Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domains","volume":"408","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80136-7","article-title":"MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll\/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways","volume":"2","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.416","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite","volume":"167","author":"Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9","article-title":"Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) activates NK cells through Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"130","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.8.4237","article-title":"Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptiblity to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response","volume":"170","author":"Muraille","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324128","article-title":"MyD88 is essential for clearance of Leishmania major: possible role for lipophosphoglycan and Toll-like rececptor 2 signaling","volume":"33","author":"de Veer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/09680519000060010701","article-title":"Limits of a deletion spanning Tlr4 in C57BL\/10ScCr mice","volume":"6","author":"Poltorak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endotoxin Res."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050048","article-title":"Leishmania major infection in C57BL\/10 mice differing at the Lps locus: a new non-healing phenotype","volume":"186","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.5.1994-2001.1992","article-title":"\u03b3 Interferon mediates Propionibacterium acnes-induced hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in mice","volume":"60","author":"Katschinski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.3.953","article-title":"Interferon \u03b2, a cofactor in the interferon \u03b3 production induced by gram-negative bacteria in mice","volume":"181","author":"Yaegashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.10.3484-3491.1991","article-title":"\u03b3 Interferon production in endotoxin-responder and -nonresponder mice during infection","volume":"59","author":"Freudenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.566","article-title":"Inherited IL-12 unresponsiveness contributes to the high LPS resistance of the Lpsd C57BL\/10ScCr mouse","volume":"166","author":"Merlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2106","article-title":"A point mutation in the IL-12R\u03b22 gene underlies the IL-12 unresponsiveness of Lps-defective C57BL\/10ScCr mice","volume":"167","author":"Poltorak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","article-title":"Defective LPS signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57BL\/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene","volume":"282","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323431","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 expression levels determine the degree of LPS-susceptibility in mice","volume":"33","author":"Kalis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(08)70688-3","volume-title":"Immunology of Infection","author":"Kropf","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00098.x","article-title":"A limiting dilution assay for quantifying Leishmania major in tissues of infected mice","volume":"7","author":"Titus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.7.2407","article-title":"Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production","volume":"141","author":"Ding","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.6.1797","article-title":"Resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis: interleukin 12 initiates a protective T helper type 1 immune response","volume":"177","author":"Sypek","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.5.1505","article-title":"Recombinant interleukin 12 cures mice infected with","volume":"177","author":"Heinzel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Leishmania major. J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260722","article-title":"Genetically resistant mice lacking interleukin-12 are susceptible to infection with Leishmania major and mount a polarized Th2 cell response","volume":"26","author":"Mattner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4378-4383.1997","article-title":"Interleukin-12 is indispensable for protective immunity against","volume":"65","author":"Mattner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Leishmania major. Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)40010-2","article-title":"A simple method for quantifying Leishmania in tissues of infected animals","volume":"13","author":"Lima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1920-1928.2004","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to the efficient control of infection with the protozoan parasite","volume":"72","author":"Kropf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leishmania major. Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/375408a0","article-title":"Altered immune responses in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"375","author":"Wei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.7.3434","article-title":"Characterization of T cell-mediated responses in nonhealing and healing Leishmania major infections in the absence of endogenous interleukin-4","volume":"159","author":"Kropf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00024-8","article-title":"IL-12R\u03b22-deficient mice of a genetically resistant background are susceptible to Leishmania major infecton and develop a parasite-specific Th2 response","volume":"5","author":"Chakir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00070-4","article-title":"Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distant from IL-12","volume":"13","author":"Oppmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097338","article-title":"Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages","volume":"260","author":"Hsieh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230805","article-title":"Interleukin-12\/T cell stimulating factor, a cytokine with multiple effects on T helper type 1 (Th1) but not on Th2 cells","volume":"23","author":"Germann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(78)90125-X","article-title":"Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp. and Leptomonas spp.: enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Camargo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.558","article-title":"Heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the Toll-like receptor-4 complex","volume":"164","author":"Ohashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20001858","article-title":"Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan activates dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"195","author":"Termeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021890","article-title":"Dectin-1 mediates biological effects of \u03b2-glucans","volume":"197","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021787","article-title":"Collaborative induction of inflammatory response by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"197","author":"Gantner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.52.2.135","article-title":"Differences in the onset of the inflammatory response to cutaneous leishmaniasis in resistant and suceptible mice","volume":"52","author":"Beil","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.5.2628","article-title":"An immunomodulatory function for neutrophils during the induction of a CD4+ Th2 response in BALB\/c mice infected with","volume":"165","author":"Tacchini-Cottier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leishmania major. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.826-835.2002","article-title":"Intracellular survival of Leishmania major in neutrophil granulocytes after uptake in the absence of heat-labile serum factors","volume":"70","author":"Laufs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.593","article-title":"Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Aderem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01596-4","article-title":"Leishmania major activates IL-1\u03b1 expression in macrophages through a MyD88-dependent pathway","volume":"4","author":"Hawn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90144-5","article-title":"The lipophosphoglycan of","volume":"4","author":"Turco","year":"1988","journal-title":"Leishmania. Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.46.100192.000433","article-title":"The lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania parasites","volume":"46","author":"Turco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.406","article-title":"The role of phosphoglycans in Leishmania-sand fly interactions","volume":"97","author":"Sacks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Persistence without pathoglogy in phosphoglycan-deficient","volume":"301","author":"Sp\u00e4th","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leishmania major. Science"},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.1.564","article-title":"Identification of cell surface carbohydrate and antigenic changes between noninfective and infective developmental stages of Leishmania major promastigotes","volume":"135","author":"Sacks","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.9.3099","article-title":"The generation of infective stage Leishmania major promastigotes is associated with the cell-surface expression and release of a developmentally regulated glycolipid","volume":"139","author":"Sacks","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023033100104792500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.11.2802-2806.1987","article-title":"Metacyclogenesis is a major determinant of Leishmania promastigote virulence and attenuation","volume":"55","author":"DaSilva","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Journal of Leukocyte Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1189%2Fjlb.1003484","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article-pdf\/76\/1\/48\/49654530\/jlb0048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article-pdf\/76\/1\/48\/49654530\/jlb0048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T05:50:11Z","timestamp":1682661011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article\/76\/1\/48\/6926293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.1003484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-5400","1938-3673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-5400","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-3673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]}}}