{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1782147233911,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,10]],"date-time":"2004-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1084147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunohistochemical double-label technique was used to detect trypanosomal antigen in macrophages. Immunoglobulin (Ig)M as well as IgG2a monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) mediated phagocytosis of Trypanosoma congolense variant antigenic type (VAT) TC13 by macrophages [bone marrow-derived macrophage cell line from BALB\/c (BALB.BM)] in vitro. Administration of these IgM or IgG2a antibodies to BALB\/c mice 30 min after injection of 3 \u00d7 108T. congolense mediated phagocytosis of trypanosomes by Kupffer cells of the liver within 1 h. Plasma levels of the monokines interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-10, and IL-12p40 were significantly increased 6\u201348 h after phagocytosis. In BALB\/c mice infected with 103T. congolense, a small degree of phagocytosis of trypanosomes by Kupffer cells, mediated by actively synthesized antibodies, was detected as early as 5 days after infection. Phagocytosis of trypanosomes was dramatically enhanced on day 6. Concomitantly, the Kupffer cells trippled in size. In BALB\/c mice infected for 6 days, treatment with IgM or IgG2a mAb specific for T. congolense VSG led to clearance of VAT TC13 parasitemia but did not prevent death at the second parasitemia of a different VAT. We conclude that IgM as well as IgG antibody mediate phagocytosis of trypanosomes by Kupffer cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,11]],"date-time":"2004-05-11T01:03:46Z","timestamp":1084237426000},"page":"399-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i>infections: antibody-mediated phagocytosis by Kupffer cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Meiqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanling","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Tabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033100012802800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.000503","article-title":"Cellular and genetic aspects of antigenic variation in trypanosomes","volume":"8","author":"Cross","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. 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