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Increased viral load has been suggested to play a key role for the accelerated HIV disease among cocaine-abusing patients. The goal of this study was to investigate whether cocaine enhances proviral DNA integration as a mechanism to increase viral load. We infected CD4+ T cells that are the primary targets of HIV-1 in vivo and treated the cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of cocaine (1 \u00b5M\u2013100 \u00b5M). Proviral DNA integration in the host genome was measured by nested qPCR. Our results illustrated that cocaine from 1 \u00b5M through 50 \u00b5M increased HIV-1 integration in CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. As integration can be modulated by several early postentry steps of HIV-1 infection, we examined the direct effects of cocaine on viral integration by in vitro integration assays by use of HIV-1 PICs. Our data illustrated that cocaine directly increases viral DNA integration. Furthermore, our MS analysis showed that cocaine is able to enter CD4+ T cells and localize to the nucleus-. In summary, our data provide strong evidence that cocaine can increase HIV-1 integration in CD4+ T cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that increased HIV-1 integration is a novel mechanism by which cocaine enhances viral load and worsens disease progression in drug-abusing HIV-1 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4a0714-356r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T23:05:39Z","timestamp":1424214339000},"page":"779-790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cocaine modulates HIV-1 integration in primary CD4+ T cells: implications in HIV-1 pathogenesis in drug-abusing patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Amma B","family":"Addai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"},{"name":"Departments ofBiochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui","family":"Pandhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"},{"name":"Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Paromov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmay K","family":"Mantri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Pratap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandravanu","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"},{"name":"Departments ofBiochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"},{"name":"Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013012470942400_B1","volume-title":"HIV Surveillance Report","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023013012470942400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1086\/505147","article-title":"The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States","volume":"194","author":"Walensky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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