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In murine models, neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited to the site of infection soon after parasite inoculation. However, the roles of neutrophils during chronic infection and in human disease remain undefined. We hypothesized that neutrophils help maintain a systemic inflammatory state in subjects with CL. Lesion biopsies from all patients with CL tested contained neutrophils expressing HLA-DR, a molecule thought to be restricted to professional antigen-presenting cells. Although CL is a localized disease, a subset of patients with CL also had circulating neutrophils expressing HLA-DR and the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40. PMNs isolated from a low-density leukocyte blood fraction (LD-PMNs) contained a higher percentage of HLA-DR+ PMNs than did normal-density PMNs. In vitro coculture experiments suggested LD-PMNs do not suppress T cell responses, differentiating them from MDSCs. Flow-sorted HLA-DR+ PMNs morphologically resembled conventional PMNs, and they exhibited functional properties of PMNs. Compared with conventional PMNs, HLA-DR+ PMNs showed increased activation, degranulation, DHR123 oxidation, and phagocytic capacity. A few HLA-DR+ PMNs were observed in healthy subjects, and that proportion could be increased by incubation in either inflammatory cytokines or in plasma from a patient with CL. This was accompanied by an increase in PMN hladrb1 mRNA, suggesting a possible connection between neutrophil \u201cpriming\u201d and up-regulation of HLA-DR. These data suggest that PMNs that are primed for activation and that also express surface markers of antigen-presenting cells emerge in the circulation and infected tissue lesions of patients with CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4a0915-442rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T20:12:47Z","timestamp":1476821567000},"page":"739-749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Phenotypic and functional characteristics of HLA-DR+ neutrophils in Brazilians with cutaneous leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Richard E","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacilara","family":"Conceic\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doencas Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq\/MCT) , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doencas Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq\/MCT) , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Bacellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doencas Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq\/MCT) , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar M","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doencas Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq\/MCT) , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o Goncalo Muniz, Fiocruz-Bahia , Salvador, Bahia , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Iowa City Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011712060698700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142226","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis: correlations among immunological, histopathological and clinical parameters","volume":"89","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. 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