{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1790337487498,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya and Ministry of Higher Education High Impact Research","award":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/MED\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/MED\/01"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya Research","award":["RP021A-13HTM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP021A-13HTM"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya Research","award":["RG448-12HTM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG448-12HTM"]}]},{"name":"Health and Translational Medicine Research Cluster"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI52731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI52731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Physicians Against AIDS Research Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Special Assistant"},{"name":"Resident Coordinator"},{"name":"VINNMER"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University Hospital"},{"name":"Governmental Funding of Clinical Research"},{"name":"National Health Service"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Swedish Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Officer Grant Scheme","award":["BR003-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR003-2014"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["1U19AI109633-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U19AI109633-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iV\u03b17.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161hiPLZFhiIL-18R\u03b1+iV\u03b17.2+\u03b3\u03b4-CD3+CD8+ T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV\/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4ru0216-084r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T23:29:22Z","timestamp":1464910162000},"page":"305-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"},{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rada","family":"Elleg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , Link\u00f6ping , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yean K","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Y","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayakumar","family":"Velu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University , Georgia, Atlanta , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E","family":"Ussher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , Link\u00f6ping , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esaki M","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"},{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011710413164900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303339","article-title":"Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells","volume":"117","author":"Dusseaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023011710413164900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903196106","article-title":"MR1 antigen presentation to mucosal-associated invariant T cells was highly conserved in evolution","volume":"106","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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