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Graft-versus-host disease includes acute graft-versus-host disease and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Host APCs (e.g., dendritic cells and macrophages), effector T cells (e.g., Th1, Th17, and abnormal Th17:regulatory T cell ratio), B cells, and NK cells are implicated in graft-versus-host disease physiopathology. Proinflammation cytokines (e.g., IL-17, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1) are increased in graft-versus-host disease. Costimulatory molecules play an important role in inducing graft-versus-host disease. Pattern-recognition receptors, such as TLRs and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease. Complement system C3 mediates Th1\/Th17 polarization in human T cell activation and skin graft-versus-host disease. Accumulation of CD26 T cells in graft-versus-host disease target organs was found. As a therapeutic target, soluble CD83 molecules or antibodies have been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects against graft-versus-host disease, and signaling molecules promote the inflammatory and immune process of graft-versus-host disease. These immune cells and molecules could be the predictors of graft-versus-host disease development and the drug targets of the treatments for graft-versus-host disease. This article focuses on major advances on cellular and molecular mechanisms in graft-versus-host disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4ru0615-254rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T14:24:51Z","timestamp":1449584691000},"page":"279-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Cellular and molecular mechanisms in graft-versus-host disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education , Hefei , China"},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education , Hefei , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013012482312000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6061","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-348409","article-title":"T-cell depletion in GVHD: less is more?","volume":"117","author":"Antin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023013012482312000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2013.48.1.16","article-title":"Expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes in human graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"2023013012482312000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620713489842","article-title":"Treatment and management of graft-versus-host disease: improving response and survival","volume":"4","author":"Garnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. 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