{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:43:50Z","timestamp":1790081030445,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although multielectrode electrical-resistivity systems have been commercially available for more than a decade, resistivity imaging of the subsurface continues to be based on data sets recorded using one or more of the standard electrode arrays (e.g., the Wenner or conventional dipole-dipole array). To exploit better the full capabilities of multielectrode acquisition systems, we have developed an experimental design procedure to identify suites of electrode configurations that provide subsurface information according to predefined optimization criteria. The experimental design algorithm includes a goodness function that ranks the sensitivity of every possible electrode configuration to changes in the subsurface parameters. To examine the potential and limitations of the new algorithm, comprehensive data sets that included data from all standard and nonstandard electrode configurations were (a) generated for a complex 2D resistivity model and (b) recorded across a well-studied test site in Switzerland. Images determined from the resultant comprehensive data sets were used as benchmarks against which the images derived from the optimized data sets were assessed. Images from relatively small optimized data sets, containing 265\u2013282 data points, provided more information than did those from standard data sets of equal size. By far the best images, comparable to those determined from the much larger comprehensive data sets, were obtained from optimized data sets with 1000\u20136000 data points. These images supplied reliable information over depth ranges that were three times greater than the depth ranges resolved by the standard images. The first \u223c600 electrode configurations selected by the experimental design procedure were nonstandard dipole-dipole-type arrays, whereas the following \u223c4800 electrode configurations were an approximately equal mix of nonstandard dipole-dipole-type arrays and nested configurations (i.e., mostly gradient and other nonstandard arrays).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1649381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,28]],"date-time":"2004-01-28T22:23:01Z","timestamp":1075328581000},"page":"120-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":272,"title":["Experimental design: Electrical resistivity data sets that provide optimum subsurface information"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Stummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2217Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Geophysics, ETH-H\u00f6nggerberg, CH-8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. E-mail: stummer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; maurer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; alan@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansruedi","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2217Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Geophysics, ETH-H\u00f6nggerberg, CH-8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. E-mail: stummer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; maurer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; alan@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan G.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2217Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Geophysics, ETH-H\u00f6nggerberg, CH-8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. E-mail: stummer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; maurer@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch; alan@aug.ig.erdw.ethz.ch."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121113225293000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444834","article-title":"Image appraisal for 2-D and 3-D electromagnetic inversion","volume":"65","author":"Alumbaugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R2","first-page":"37","author":"Barker","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R3","first-page":"49","author":"Barker","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1443869","article-title":"Investigating the resolution of IP arrays using inverse theory","volume":"60","author":"Beard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R5","first-page":"3","article-title":"3D resistivity imaging of buried oil- and tar-contaminated waste deposits","volume":"4","author":"Chambers","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/36.485113","article-title":"Optimal survey design using focused resistivity arrays","volume":"34","author":"Cherkaeva","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442303","article-title":"Occam's inversion: A practical algorithm for generating smooth models from electromagnetic sounding data","volume":"52","author":"Constable","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121113225293000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.1996014","article-title":"2D resistivity surveying for environmental and engineering applications","volume":"14","author":"Dahlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"First Break,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(97)00030-X","article-title":"Resolution of 2D Wenner resistivity imaging as assessed by numerical modelling","volume":"38","author":"Dahlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R10","first-page":"977","author":"Dahlin","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R11","first-page":"157","author":"Dahlin","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1527070","article-title":"A 3-D resistivity investigation of a contaminated site at Lernacken, Sweden","volume":"67","author":"Dahlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440975","article-title":"Resistivity modeling for arbitrarily shaped threedimensional structures","volume":"44","author":"Dey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R14","author":"Embi","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R15","first-page":"131","author":"Friedel","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R16","author":"Friedel","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121113225293000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1438264","article-title":"A template for geophysical investigations of a small landfill","volume":"18","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Leading Edge,"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121113225293000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.1985013","article-title":"A multi-electrode array for resistivity surveying","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"1985","journal-title":"First Break,"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121113225293000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.1990008","article-title":"Two-dimensional resistivity mapping with a computer controlled array","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"1990","journal-title":"First Break,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R20","first-page":"141","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1986.4307752","article-title":"Distinguishability of conductivities by electric current computed tomography","volume":"5","author":"Isaacson","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07723-8","author":"Kn\u00f6del","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophysik (\u201cGeophysics\u201d)"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R23","author":"Lanz","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4133\/JEEG3.4.185","article-title":"Landfill delineation and characterization using electrical, electromagnetic and magnetic methods","volume":"3","author":"Lanz","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R25","first-page":"1261","author":"Lanz","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444443","article-title":"Refraction tomography over a buried waste disposal site","volume":"63","author":"Lanz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00152","article-title":"Results of 2- and 3-D highresolution seismic reflection surveying of surficial sediments","volume":"23","author":"Lanz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1995.tb01822.x","article-title":"Potential representation by independent configurations on a multielectrode array","volume":"120","author":"Lehmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R29","author":"Loke","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00162.x","article-title":"Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion","volume":"44","author":"Loke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00142.x","article-title":"Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method","volume":"44","author":"Loke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442704","article-title":"Singularity removal: A refinement of resistivity modeling techniques","volume":"54","author":"Lowry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1970.10488699","article-title":"Generalized inverse, ridge regression, biased linear estimation and nonlinear estimation","volume":"12","author":"Marquardt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Technometrics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246x.1998.00459.x","article-title":"Optimized and robust experimental design: a non- linear application to EM sounding","volume":"132","author":"Maurer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/16\/5\/302","article-title":"Design strategies for electromagnetic geophysical surveys","volume":"16","author":"Maurer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inverse Problems,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL02183","article-title":"Stochastic regularization: Smoothness or similarity?","volume":"25","author":"Maurer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R37","author":"Menke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb01159.x","article-title":"Archaeological investigation by electrical resistivity tomography: a preliminary study","volume":"107","author":"Noel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2478.2000.00173.x","article-title":"Assessment of the reliability of 2D inversion of apparent resistivity data","volume":"48","author":"Olayinka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444545","article-title":"Estimating depth of investigation in dc resistivity and IP surveys","volume":"64","author":"Oldenburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1443128","article-title":"Inversion of pole-pole data for 3-D resistivity structure beneath arrays of electrodes","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R42","first-page":"293","author":"Roth","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R43","author":"Sharma","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R44","first-page":"65","author":"Slob","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R45","first-page":"195","author":"Slob","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246x.1998.00592.x","article-title":"The three-dimensional DC sensitivity for surface and subsurface sources","volume":"134","author":"Spitzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.807015","article-title":"Optimization of DC resistivity data acquisition: real-time experimental design and a new multielectrode system","volume":"40","author":"Stummer","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4133\/JEEG7.3.130","article-title":"Cavity detection in the southwestern hilly portion of Mexico City by resistivity imaging","volume":"7","author":"Tejero","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167932","author":"Telford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Applied geophysics"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R50","article-title":"Geotechnical and environmental geophysics","volume":"5","author":"Ward","year":"1990","journal-title":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Investigations in Geophysics"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R51","first-page":"147","article-title":"Resistivity and induced polarization methods, in Ward, S. H., Ed., Geotechnical and environmental geophysics","volume":"5","author":"Ward","year":"1990","journal-title":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Investigations in Geophysics"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1993.tb00885.x","article-title":"On the completeness of data sets with multielectrode systems for electrical resistivity surveys","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444053","article-title":"Some refinements on the finite-difference method for 3-D dc resistivity modeling","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysics,"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R54","first-page":"331","author":"Zhou","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025121113225293000_R55","author":"Zhou","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Geophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/seg\/geophysics\/article-pdf\/69\/1\/120\/3193883\/gsgpy_69_1_120.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/seg\/geophysics\/article-pdf\/69\/1\/120\/3193883\/gsgpy_69_1_120.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:22:59Z","timestamp":1765477379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/geophysics\/article\/69\/1\/120\/260950\/Experimental-design-Electrical-resistivity-data"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/geophysics.geoscienceworld.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1190\/1.1649381","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/1.1649381","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-2156","0016-8033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-2156","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0016-8033","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]}}}