{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:40:16Z","timestamp":1776933616417,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Theoretical evaluation of the elastic impedance (EI) and the ray impedance (RI) reveals that RI has a more reliable value range and is less sensitive to noise than EI. We devised a new measurement RI\u02dc to estimate the ray impedance from elastic impedance derived by existing techniques. The recovered RI\u02dc was expressed in the form of a normalization of EI. It solved the range variability problem of EI and had the same interpretation capability as RI. In addition, reflection coefficients represented by RI\u02dc showed good agreement with the Zeoppritz equation even at postcritical angle of incidence. Tests of these three attributes (RI, RI\u02dc, and EI) were performed on the log data of three different types of reservoir: a typical Class III marine gas-sand, a Class I tight gas-sand, and a Class II oil-bearing sand in thin sand-mud interbedded layers. Although the crossplots of EI against acoustic impedance (AI) showed visually similar characteristics for a gas-sand as that of RI, based on the linear\/quadratic discrimination analysis, RI appeared to be more applicable than EI for characterizing gas sands, especially tight gas sands. RI\u02dc, estimated from EI, had a comparable value range to the AI, and retained the interpretation ability of the original RI. Application on real seismic data showed that existing EI inversion results could be improved straightforwardly by means of the introduced transformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2011-0259.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T18:25:09Z","timestamp":1339698309000},"page":"M39-M52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Viabilities of seismic ray impedance and elastic impedance for hydrocarbon-sand discrimination"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum 1 , Department of Geophysical Prospecting, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, Beijing, ; , Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Center for Reservoir Geophysics, London, E-mail: f.zhang717@googlemail.com .","place":["China U. K."]},{"name":"Imperial College London 1 , Department of Geophysical Prospecting, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, Beijing, ; , Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Center for Reservoir Geophysics, London, E-mail: f.zhang717@googlemail.com .","place":["China U. K."]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London 2 , Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Center for Reservoir Geophysics, London, . E-mail: yanghua.wang@imperial.ac.uk .","place":["U. K"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum 3 , Department of Geophysical Prospecting, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, Beijing, ; , British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, . E-mail: xyl@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["China U. K"]},{"name":"University of Edinburgh 3 , Department of Geophysical Prospecting, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, Beijing, ; , British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, . E-mail: xyl@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["China U. K"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121115260109300_r1","volume-title":"Quantitative seismology: Theory and methods","author":"Aki","year":"1980"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511600074","volume-title":"Quantitative seismic interpretation","author":"Avseth","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gpr.1961.9.issue-4","article-title":"Approximation to the reflection and transmission coefficients of plane longitudinal and transverse waves","volume":"9","author":"Bortfeld","year":"1961","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8025","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1438307","article-title":"Elastic 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impedance","author":"Lu","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442696","article-title":"Amplitude-versus-offset variations in gas sands","volume":"54","author":"Rutherford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1707079","article-title":"Impedance-type approximations of the P-P elastic reflection coefficients: Modeling and AVO inversion","volume":"69","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1581078","article-title":"Angle-domain common-image gathers by wavefield continuation 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analysis","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r14","volume-title":"Seismic amplitude inversion in reflection tomography","author":"Wang","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1451331","article-title":"Elastic impedance normalization","volume":"67","author":"Whitcombe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1487131","article-title":"Common-angle migration: A strategy for imaging complex media","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121115260109300_r17","unstructured":"Zhang\n              F.\n            \n          , 2010, Joint inversion of seismic PP- and PS-waves in the ray parameter domain: Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College 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