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The vulnerability of these structures requires a reliable, cost- and time-effective monitoring of their geomechanical condition. We have assessed the potential application of P-wave refraction for tracking the seasonal variations of seismic properties within an aged clay-filled railway embankment, located in southwest England. Seismic data were acquired repeatedly along the crest of the earthwork at regular time intervals, for a total period of 16\u00a0months. P-wave first-break times were picked from all available recorded traces, to obtain a set of hodocrones referenced to the same spatial locations, for various dates along the surveyed period of time. Traveltimes extracted from each acquisition were then compared to track the pattern of their temporal variability. The relevance of such variations over time was compared with the data experimental uncertainty. The multiple set of hodocrones was subsequently inverted using a tomographic approach, to retrieve a time-lapse model of VP for the embankment structure. To directly compare the reconstructed VP sections, identical initial models and spatial regularization were used for the inversion of all available data sets. A consistent temporal trend for P-wave traveltimes, and consequently for the reconstructed VP models, was identified. This pattern could be related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and soil-water content measured on site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2015-0276.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T11:02:50Z","timestamp":1465297370000},"page":"EN17-EN27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Time-lapse monitoring of fluid-induced geophysical property variations within an unstable earthwork using P-wave refraction"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bergamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast 1 , School of Planning, Architecture, and Civil Engineering, Belfast, . E-mail: bergamopaolo@outlook.it ; s.donohue@qub.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Dashwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey 2 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, . E-mail: bendas@bgs.ac.uk ; russells@bgs.ac.uk ; jecha@bgs.ac.uk ; dgu@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Uhlemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey 3 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, and , Institute of Geophysics, Zurich, . E-mail: suhl@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK Switzerland"]},{"name":"ETH Zurich 3 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, and , Institute of Geophysics, Zurich, . E-mail: suhl@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey 2 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, . E-mail: bendas@bgs.ac.uk ; russells@bgs.ac.uk ; jecha@bgs.ac.uk ; dgu@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey 2 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, . E-mail: bendas@bgs.ac.uk ; russells@bgs.ac.uk ; jecha@bgs.ac.uk ; dgu@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey 2 , Engineering Geology, Nottingham, . E-mail: bendas@bgs.ac.uk ; russells@bgs.ac.uk ; jecha@bgs.ac.uk ; dgu@bgs.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast 1 , School of Planning, Architecture, and Civil Engineering, Belfast, . E-mail: bergamopaolo@outlook.it ; s.donohue@qub.ac.uk .","place":["UK"]}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121115052213400_r1","unstructured":"ASTM International, 2011, Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation \u2014 ASTM D5777: ASTM International."},{"key":"2025121115052213400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(90)90170-3","article-title":"Shallow seismic refraction used to map the hydrostratigraphy of Nukuoro Atoll, Micronesia","volume":"113","author":"Ayers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1694","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121115052213400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EN1","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2015-0275.1","article-title":"Time-lapse monitoring of climate effects on earthworks using surface 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