{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:44:44Z","timestamp":1778539484866,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Mining Innovation Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Mining Innovation Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["library.seg.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detection and assessment of the deeply buried high-grade uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin rely on geophysical methods to map conductive rocks. Variable Quaternary surface cover can mask the anomalous signals from depth and affect the interpretation of inverted conductivity models. We present the analysis of several electromagnetic (EM) modeling studies and two field data sets to demonstrate the effects of varying Quaternary cover resistivity and thickness, on the ability to resolve the parameters of underlying sandstone, alteration, and basement conductors. Synthetic data, assuming a typical shallow EM sounding system and realistic resistivities found in the Athabasca Basin, indicate that resistivity and thickness parameters of the Quaternary cover can be separately recovered in cases in which this cover is more conductive than the underlying sandstone, but not when the cover is significantly more resistive. A 3D modeling study indicates that by using airborne EM data, it is possible to detect a basement conductor of 20\u00a0S at a depth of at least 600\u00a0m below the surface, even in the presence of Quaternary cover thickness variations of the up to 20% (40\u201360\u00a0m). Furthermore, although Quaternary cover variations and deeper sandstone alteration can produce comparable anomalous signal amplitudes in a time-domain EM response, their effects are most visible in distinctly separate time windows. Ground-penetrating radar and other data to characterize the Quaternary cover in the McArthur River area indicate that this cover consists mostly of sandy tills ranging in thickness from 0 to 117\u00a0m. Constrained 3D inversion of an airborne EM data set from the same area indicates basement conductors consistent with the depth and location of a known fault. Elevated conductivity in the sandstone by up to a factor of two over the background values could indicate possible alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2021-0199.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T07:53:19Z","timestamp":1639641199000},"page":"B129-B143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Forward modeling and 3D inversion of electromagnetic data collected over the McArthur River uranium deposit in the Athabasca Basin, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Mir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laurentian University 1 , Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada. reza.mir@gmail.com (corresponding author)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Fullagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fullagar Geophysics Pty Ltd 2 , Blackmans Bay 7052, Australia. peter@fullagargeophysics.com ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Darijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland 3 , Department of Earth Sciences, St. John\u2019s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada. m.darijani@mun.ca ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laurentian University 1 , Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada. rssmith@laurentian.ca ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo 4 , Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. shawn.scott@uwaterloo.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo 4 , Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. maross@uwaterloo.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pejman","family":"Shamsipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al 5 , Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada. pejman.shamsipour@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8538-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Chouteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al 5 , Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada. michel.chouteau@polymtl.ca ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0911-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ansdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan 6 , Department of Geological Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. kevin.ansdell@usask.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5438-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Gouiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan 7 , Department of Geological Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada and , School of Earth and Environment, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. m.gouiza@leeds.ac.uk"},{"name":"University of Leeds 7 , Department of Geological Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada and , School of Earth and Environment, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. m.gouiza@leeds.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121211201908500_r1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Mineralogy of a fertile fluid conduit related to unconformity-type uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan","volume":"4","author":"Adlakha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Targeted Geoscience Initiative"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.100.8.1547","article-title":"Alteration mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic basement \u2014 Hosted unconformity-type uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Canada","volume":"100","author":"Alexandre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Economic Geology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-0128","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-007-0153-3","article-title":"Geochronology of unconformity-related uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada and their integration in the evolution of the basin","volume":"44","author":"Alexandre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mineralium Deposita","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0026-4598","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1139\/e05-034","article-title":"Geology and thermotectonic evolution of the western margin of the Trans-Hudson Orogen: Evidence from the eastern sub-Athabasca basement, Saskatchewan","volume":"42","author":"Annesley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-4077","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121211201908500_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E149","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2013-0172.1","article-title":"3D finite-element forward modeling of electromagnetic data using vector and scalar potentials and unstructured grids","volume":"79","author":"Ansari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1139\/e05-035","article-title":"Tectonic evolution of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada","volume":"42","author":"Ansdell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-4077","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r7","unstructured":"Bronkhorst\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Mainville\n              A. G.\n            \n            \n              Murdock\n              G. M.\n            \n            \n              Yesnik\n              L. D.\n            \n          , 2012, McArthur River Operation, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada: National Instrument 43-101, Technical Report, Prepared for Cameco Corporation."},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r8","first-page":"211","volume-title":"EXTECH IV: Geology and uranium exploration technology of the proterozoic Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan and Alberta","author":"Campbell","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r9","unstructured":"Card\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Heath\n              P.\n            \n          , 2015, Bedrock geology of sub-Athabasca basement rocks (NTS 74H): Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy, Geoscience Map 2015-1."},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53348-7.00005-3","volume-title":"Ground penetrating radar","author":"Cassidy","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.104.6.815","article-title":"The Millennium uranium deposit, Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada: An atypical basement-hosted unconformity-related uranium deposit","volume":"104","author":"Cloutier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Economic Geology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-0128","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1144\/SP327.19","article-title":"The Palaeoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen: A prototype of modern accretionary processes","author":"Corrigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geological Society Special Publication","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0305-8719","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r13","volume-title":"Investigating modelling and inversion techniques for overburden stripping for uranium exploration in the Athabasca Basin, Canada","author":"Darijani","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1993.tb06977.x","article-title":"Inversion of time-domain electromagnetic data for a horizontally layered earth","volume":"114","author":"Farquharson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0956-540X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05282.x","article-title":"Approximate sensitivities for the electromagnetic inverse problem","volume":"126","author":"Farquharson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0956-540X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02190.x","article-title":"A comparison of automatic techniques for estimating the regularization parameter in non-linear inverse problems","volume":"156","author":"Farquharson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0956-540X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r17","volume-title":"EM1DTM: A program library for forward modelling and inversion of time domain electromagnetic data over 1D structures","author":"Farquharson","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1635038","article-title":"Simultaneous 1D inversion of loop-loop electromagnetic data for magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity","volume":"68","author":"Farquharson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophysics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r19","unstructured":"Fullagar\n              P. K.\n            \n            \n              Pears\n              G. A.\n            \n          , 2007, Towards geologically realistic inversion, inMilkereitB., ed., Proceedings of Exploration \u201907, Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, 444\u2013460."},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fullagar\n              P. 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E.\n            \n            \n              Kotzer\n              T. M.\n            \n            \n              Quirt\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Kyser\n              K.\n            \n          , 2017, Till stratigraphy in the drumlinized terrain of the McArthur River uranium mine area in the eastern Athabasca Basin: GAC-MAC Abstracts, 340\u2013341."},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.2010.00880.x","article-title":"Detection of alteration at the Millennium uranium deposit in the Athabasca Basin: A comparison of data from two airborne electromagnetic systems with ground resistivity data","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophysical Prospecting","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8025","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG14J110","article-title":"Looking through drumlins: Testing the application of ground-penetrating radar","volume":"60","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Glaciology"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1071\/EG997317","article-title":"Fast approximate inversion of TEM data","volume":"28","author":"Stolz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exploration Geophysics"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2008.08.003","article-title":"Provenance and tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks along the eastern margin of Hearne craton: Constraints from SHRIMP geochronology, Wollaston Group, Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"167","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Precambrian Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0301-9268","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025121211201908500_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1139\/cjes-2019-0009","article-title":"Geophysical inversion contributions to mineral exploration: Lessons from the footprints project","volume":"56","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-4077","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Geophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/seg\/geophysics\/article-pdf\/87\/2\/B129\/5575100\/geo-2021-0199.1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/seg\/geophysics\/article-pdf\/87\/2\/B129\/5575100\/geo-2021-0199.1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T16:20:27Z","timestamp":1765556427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/geophysics\/article\/87\/2\/B129\/611960\/Forward-modeling-and-3D-inversion-of"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/geophysics\/article\/87\/2\/b129\/611960\/forward-modeling-and-3d-inversion-of","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/geo2021-0199.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-8033","1942-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-8033","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-08","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}