none 10.1190/geo2022-0721.1 Society of Exploration Geophysicists Society of Exploration Geophysicists 186 155071976 5981 2025121212590840300 10.1190 2025-12-12T17:59:16Z 2023-11-15T08:27:02Z 1 Geophysics 0016-8033 1942-2156 03 01 2024 89 2 Shuang Wang Jilin University 1 , Changchun 130026, China. swang21@mails.jlu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-8323 Xiangbo Gong Jilin University 1 , Changchun 130026, China. gongxb@jlu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1628-5210 Xingguo Huang Jilin University 1 , Changchun 130026, China. xingguohuang@jlu.edu.cn (corresponding author) http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-6297 Jing Rao Beihang University 2 , Beijing, China. jingrao@buaa.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3105-7259 Kristian Jensen Metis Privatistskole 3 , Bergen, Norway. kristian.jensen@metis.no http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-6591 Li Han Jilin University 1 , Changchun 130026, China. hanli19@mails.jlu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-5870 Naijian Wang BGP Inc. 4 , CNPC, Acquisition Technology Institute, Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute, Zhuozhou, China and , Zhuozhou, China. wangnaijian@cnpc.com.cn Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute 4 , CNPC, Acquisition Technology Institute, Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute, Zhuozhou, China and , Zhuozhou, China. wangnaijian@cnpc.com.cn Xuliang Zhang BGP Inc. 4 , CNPC, Acquisition Technology Institute, Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute, Zhuozhou, China and , Zhuozhou, China. zhangxuliang@cnpc.com.cn Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute 4 , CNPC, Acquisition Technology Institute, Hebei Seismic Acquisition Technology Institute, Zhuozhou, China and , Zhuozhou, China. zhangxuliang@cnpc.com.cn ABSTRACT Reverse time migration (RTM) has been proven capable of producing high-quality images of subsurface structures. However, limited subsurface illumination combined with inaccurate forward modeling and migration velocities all lead to uncertainty in the seismic images. We quantify the migration uncertainty of RTM using an iterative inversion method based on a Bayesian inference framework. The posterior covariance matrix, computed at the maximum a posteriori (MAP) model, provides the foundation for estimating uncertainty. In the Bayesian inference framework, we combine an explicit sensitivity matrix based on a Green’s function representation with an iterative extended Kalman filter method. This enables us to determine the MAP solution of RTM and an estimate of its uncertainty. Numerical examples using synthetic data demonstrate how well the method can measure RTM uncertainty and produce reliable imaging results. 01 29 2024 03 01 2024 11 15 2023 S145 S154 China National Petroleum Corporation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002886 13-03-2022 National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 42374149 42074151 1 10.1190/crossmark-policy library.seg.org true 2022-12-14 2023-08-20 2023-10-20 2024-01-29 China National Petroleum Corporation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002886 13-03-2022 National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 42374149 42074151 10.1190/geo2022-0721.1 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geophysics/article/89/2/S145/633825/Bayesian-reverse-time-migration-with-quantified https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/geophysics/article-pdf/89/2/S145/6305462/geo-2022-0721.1.pdf https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/geophysics/article-pdf/89/2/S145/6305462/geo-2022-0721.1.pdf https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geophysics/article/89/2/s145/633825/bayesian-reverse-time-migration-with-quantified Computers & Geosciences Barbosa 145 2020 10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104615 A workflow for seismic imaging with quantified uncertainty 0016-8033 Geophysics Baysal 48 1514 1983 10.1190/1.1441434 Reverse time migration 0016-8033 Geophysics Bednar 70 3 3MJ 2005 10.1190/1.1926579 A brief history of seismic migration 0018-9286 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Bell 38 294 1993 10.1109/9.250476 The iterated Kalman filter update as a Gauss-Newton method 0165-2125 Wave Motion Beylkin 12 15 1990 10.1016/0165-2125(90)90017-X Linearized inverse scattering problems in acoustics and elasticity 10.1190/segam2017-17680416.1 Biswas R. 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