{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:31:34Z","timestamp":1767857494378,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.niso.org\/schemas\/ali\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["library.seg.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acoustic echosounding systems are increasingly used to image water-column backscatter in addition to mapping the seafloor. We have imaged an acoustic flare generated by methane bubbles emanating from a vent sourced at 1840\u00a0m water depth offshore northern California using a shipboard Kongsberg EM122. Data include five transits over the flare and approximately 11\u00a0h of continuous observation when the ship held station. Shipboard observations showed a strong flare splitting into multiple smaller, intermittent flares at a water depth of 800\u20131200\u00a0m and pronounced temporal variability. We introduce a new approach to processing the data in which we correct the backscatter data for ship motion and bin the data into voxels with dimensions of 20\u00a0m in X and Y and 40\u00a0m in Z for a transit over the flare and into vertical slices with dimensions of 15\u00a0m in X and Z and 4\u00a0min in time when the ship was stationary. The processed data indicate that the signal is dominated by bubbles emanating from a source region with a diameter of approximately 40\u00a0m located on the southern edge of what is likely a ring of sources with a diameter of approximately 600\u00a0m. When the ship was stationary, we were able to track an individual pulse rising at a rate of 8\u201310\u00a0m\/min. Our results illustrate the limitations of monitoring temporal variation in gas flux using multibeam echosounders because of the trade-off between imaging the entire flare by averaging over tens of minutes to hours and observing a slice through the flare to capture short-lived pulses of gas expulsion. Nevertheless, because echosounders are widely available, they can continue to provide valuable data on the spatial and temporal distribution of gas emissions on continental margins that can be used to frame hypotheses and plan more comprehensive follow-up experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/int-2021-0195.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T09:52:41Z","timestamp":1638093161000},"page":"SB93-SB106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A new approach to processing and imaging multibeam water column echosounder data: Application to a complex methane seep on the southern Cascadia margin"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Tr\u00e9hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University 1 , College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503, USA. E-mail: anne.trehu@oregonstate.edu ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Beeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies \u2014 Oregon State University 2 , and NOAA PMEL Earth Ocean Interactions Program, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA. E-mail: jeff.beeson@noaa.gov (corresponding author); susan.merle@noaa.gov ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan G.","family":"Merle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies \u2014 Oregon State University 2 , and NOAA PMEL Earth Ocean Interactions Program, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA. E-mail: jeff.beeson@noaa.gov (corresponding author); susan.merle@noaa.gov ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120913563402400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2002TC001475","article-title":"Upward delamination of Cascadia Basin sediment infill with landward frontal accretion thrusting caused by rapid glacial age material flux","volume":"23","author":"Adam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tectonics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-7407","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r2","unstructured":"AT26-02 Science Party, 2013, Cruise report Cascadia initiative: Year 3, Leg 3, 25 June 2013\u20139 July 2013, https:\/\/www.rvdata.us\/search\/cruise\/AT26-02, accessed 19 December 2021."},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GC007859","article-title":"Mantle-derived helium and multiple methane sources in gas bubbles of cold seeps along the Cascadia continental margin","volume":"19","author":"Baumberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246298","article-title":"Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off Svalbard","volume":"343","author":"Berndt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r5","article-title":"Seep-bubble characteristics and gas flow rates from a shallow-water, high-density seep field on the shelf-to-slope transition of the Hikurangi subduction margin","volume":"417","author":"Biggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marine Geology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-3227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GC005543","article-title":"Imaging of CO2 bubble plumes above an erupting submarine volcano, NW Rota-1, Mariana Arc","volume":"15","author":"Chadwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r7","volume-title":"Acoustical oceanography: Principles and applications","author":"Clay","year":"1977"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-7-831-2011","article-title":"Down the rabbit hole: Toward appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events","volume":"7","author":"Dickens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Climate of the Past Discussions"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides","volume":"19","author":"Egbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0739-0572","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025120913563402400_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher\n              M. 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