{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T01:18:17Z","timestamp":1771031897939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["library.seg.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The South Caspian Basin (SCB) constitutes a classic province to study mud volcanoes and their associated processes. Approximately 280 active mud volcanoes have been documented in the offshore and the onshore areas of Azerbaijan, emitting water, hydrocarbons (oil and mainly methane), and fluidized muds that transport solid fragments from deep sedimentary sequences. Seismic characteristics of mud volcano systems in the Azerbaijan area of the SCB are used to address (1)\u00a0the nature of the mud volcano source layer; (2)\u00a0the internal geometry of the feeder systems; and (3)\u00a0the processes associated with shale mobilization and extrusion. We confirm that the source layer is mainly the Maykop Suite (Oligocene-Lower Miocene), which is a thick (\u22643\u00a0km) and deep (&amp;gt;10\u00a0km) clayey sequence rich in organic matter. This layer was quickly buried due to basin subsidence and the rapid deposition (since the Middle Miocene) of thick fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Productive Series (PS) (Upper Miocene-Upper Pliocene), which contributed to the creation of high pore pressures and the transformation of organic matter into methane (through thermal cracking). Since the Middle Miocene and more important, during the Upper Pliocene, the Maykop shales mobilized due to an increase in shear stresses and pore pressures, which promoted a decrease in effective stresses and, as a consequence, facilitated the achievement of critical state conditions in the shales that began to flow. This process, repeated over time, allowed multiple pulses of shale mobilization to originate (as in a loading piston system). Shale piercing transporting deep-sourced fluids (and hydrocarbons) was carried out through fractures in the outer arc of anticlines, forming subvertical feeder systems. The mobilized hydrocarbons and fluids also recharged some of the younger and more permeable layers of the PS, creating shallower reservoirs in the vicinities of the mud volcano structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1190\/int-2023-0134.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T12:18:03Z","timestamp":1723378683000},"page":"SF105-SF118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structure and formation of mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Basin according to seismic data"],"prefix":"10.1190","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4541-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namaz P.","family":"Yusubov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan 1 , Institute of Oil and Gas, Baku, Azerbaijan. nyusubov@gmail.com (corresponding author)"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9894-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibragim S.","family":"Guliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan 2 , Baku, Azerbaijan. isguliiev@gmail.com"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan I.","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin 3 , Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, Austin, Texas, USA and On leave of absence from: , Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Granada, Spain. juan.soto@beg.utexas.edu ; jsoto@ugr.es"},{"name":"Granada University 3 , Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, Austin, Texas, USA and On leave of absence from: , Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Granada, Spain. juan.soto@beg.utexas.edu ; jsoto@ugr.es"}]}],"member":"186","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120914123722900_r2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-4105(00)00079-6","article-title":"Seismic stratigraphy of the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary deposits in the South Caspian Basin","volume":"28","author":"Abdullayev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2025120914123722900_r1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Geological evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range","author":"Abdullayev","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025120914123722900_r200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2023.106148","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic succession in eastern Azerbaijan: Implications for petroleum systems and paleogeography in the Caspian basin","volume":"150","author":"Aghayeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Marine and Petroleum 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