{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1759335577310,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The US Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter (PM) require urban non-attainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. The type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuel, is the diesel emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation, in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories, recently conducted a health assessment of the combustion emissions of PuriNO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup> diesel fuel emulsion (diesel-water-methanol) in rodents. Combustion emissions from either of two, 2002 model Cummins 5.9L ISB engines, were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mg total PM\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The engines were operated on a continuous, repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle (US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T\u00ae 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide (NO) and PM were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup> versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h\/day, five days\/week for the first 11 weeks and seven days\/week thereafter. Exposures ranged from 61 to 73 days depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity (body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology and histopathology), neurotoxicity (glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity (Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive\/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol in the 500-mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> exposure group were observed. PM accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. The latter findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups, but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol results, it can be concluded that the 250-mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> exposure level was the no observed effect level. In general, biological findings in exposed rats and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233706th244oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,7]],"date-time":"2006-03-07T21:41:49Z","timestamp":1141767709000},"page":"65-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"MD","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LF","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Burling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Eye Specialists of San Jose, San Jose, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Technical Associates, Allendale, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AP","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Gudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioReliance Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MD","family":"Mercieca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Associates Incorporated, Frederick, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JD","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JP","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC-NIOSH, Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SK","family":"Seilkop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKS Consulting Services, Siler City, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NL","family":"Ronsko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"VO","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioReliance Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RC","family":"Kraska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-1915"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of diesel engine exhaust","author":"Brightwell, J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550090106"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339202000306"},{"volume-title":"California Diesel Fuel Program, background","year":"2003","author":"CARB (California Air Resources Board)","key":"atypb5"},{"volume-title":"Part B: Health risk assessment for diesel exhaust, proposed identification of diesel exhaust as a toxic air contaminant","year":"1998","author":"CA EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency)","key":"atypb6"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf062"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370290084764"},{"volume-title":"Diesel exhaust: a critical analysis of emissions, exposure, and health effects","year":"1995","author":"HEI (Health Effects Institute)","key":"atypb11"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550060602"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958379509015211"},{"volume-title":"Nonparametric statistical methods","year":"1973","author":"Hollander, M.","key":"atypb14"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Diesel exhaust and health risks","author":"Ishinishi, N.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)10037-4"},{"volume-title":"Maximizing the effectiveness of water blended fuel in reducing emissions by varying injection timing or using after-treatment device","year":"2000","author":"Langer, D. 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