{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:13:16Z","timestamp":1777666396248,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV, is widely encouraged. Condoms contain latex, nonspermicidal lubricants (such as dimethylsiliconium) and other nonspecified compounds, such as colorants and flavorings. Latex causes allergy reaction in susceptible individuals but little is known regarding the cytotoxic effects of other additives. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive in vitrosystem to determine the toxic effects of condom material. The modified L929 FDA method and a more specific cell type, such as the cervical epithelial tumor cell line HeLa, was used. Lubricated (LC), lubricated and flavored (LFC), and lubricated, flavored and colored condoms (LFCC) were evaluated. Washings containing condom surface material were prepared by washing condom fragments in medium for different time intervals. Changes in cell number, viability and lysosome integrity in the L929 and HeLa cell lines was determined using the Crystal Violet, MTT and Neutral Red assays, respectively. The condom type affected cell viability and lysosome integrity, with LC inducing an increase in cell viability and LFC a decrease in lysosome integrity. The HeLa cell line in combination with the MTT and NR assay was the most sensitive in vitro system to determine the toxic effects of condom material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht410oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,12]],"date-time":"2004-02-12T17:05:35Z","timestamp":1076605535000},"page":"659-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An in vitro study of biological safety of condoms and their additives"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"N A","family":"Motsoane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Bester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the                         University of Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the                         University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University                         of Pretoria, BMW Building, PO Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb11893.x"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03827.x"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8561(22)00365-4","volume":"15","author":"Thompson RL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"Potter PC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Profess Nurs Today"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"12","volume":"2","author":"Potter PC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup Health SA"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90031-A"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"307","volume":"52","author":"Hamann CP","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.106925","volume":"105","author":"Poley GE","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol: Curr Rev Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70392-3"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899409147905"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"1263","volume":"75","author":"Shenot P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Congr Rehab Med Am Acad Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"67","volume":"16","author":"Pretorius E","year":"2001","journal-title":"South Afr J Epidermiol Infect"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62439-8"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03368.x"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"540","volume":"96","author":"Pretorius E","year":"2000","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2001\/172657"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"229","volume-title":"ASTM","author":"ASTM F813-83","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"1518","volume":"10","author":"Munetaka I","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Pharma Bull"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65251-2"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839070"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(89)90191-7"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90277-6"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(89)90710-0"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Experimental designs","author":"Cochran WA","year":"1957"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00504-0"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0065-1281-00594"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.4.571"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00037-4"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; 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