{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:43:43Z","timestamp":1792187023014,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A multitude of biological effects observed over the past two decades in various in vivo and in vitro cell culture experiments have indicated that low dose\/low fluence ionizing radiation has significantly different biological responses than high dose radiation. Exposure of cell populations to very low fluences of particles or incorporated radionuclides results in significant biological effects occurring in both the irradiated and nonirradiated cells in the population. Cells recipient of growth medium from irradiated cultures can also respond to the radiation exposure. This phenomenon, termed the \u2018bystander response\u2019, has been postulated to impact both the estimation of risks of exposure to ionizing radiation and radiotherapy. Amplification of radiation-induced cyto-toxic and genotoxic effects by the bystander effect is in contrast to the observations of adaptive responses, which are generally induced following exposure to low dose, low linear energy transfer radiation and which tend to attenuate radiation-induced damage. In this article, the evidence for existence of radiation-induced bystander effects and our current knowledge of the biochemical and molecular events involved in mediating these effects are described. Potential similarities between factors that mediate the radiation-induced bystander and adaptive responses are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht418oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,10]],"date-time":"2004-03-10T17:54:44Z","timestamp":1078941284000},"page":"61-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["The radiation-induced bystander effect: evidence and significance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Edouard I","family":"Azzam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UMDNJ\u2013New Jersey Medical School, 185                         South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)155[0759:RIBEPH]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006751"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"6394","volume":"52","author":"Nagasawa H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578980"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3580153"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"234","volume":"153","author":"Zhou HN","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098141087"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"5436","volume":"62","author":"Azzam EI","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)155[0397:TBEIRO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"5797","volume":"54","author":"Hickman AW","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"473","volume":"98","author":"Azzam EI","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"2623","volume":"60","author":"Azzam EI","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3580054"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-4328(01)00007-5"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530097144030"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"324","volume":"63","author":"Nagar S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"1290","volume":"60","author":"Iyer R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.10049"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)157[0003:APIIIT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)155[0387:IORBAN]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"3963","volume":"57","author":"Narayanan PK","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0581:NADEOE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0177:ARATBE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3574086"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00736-0"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"5608","volume":"60","author":"Watson GE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182209699"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"1990","volume":"63","author":"Camphausen K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202303"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0626:BADEAF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI)","author":"BEIR-VI","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355738a0"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; 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