{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:01:49Z","timestamp":1791093709976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The quantification of medical or toxic substances in vitreous humour (VH) could be very useful in forensic toxicology when blood sample determinations are impossible due to absence or deterioration. However, few studies have been made in this area and even fewer have tried to find a relationship between drug levels in both samples. To determine a correlation ratio between blood and VH diazepam (DZ) levels, we performed an experimental study using rabbits administered with a sub-toxic dose of DZ under known and controlled conditions. Blood and VH samples were collected 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours after the drug administration in order to determine DZ and its main active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMD). In addition, we have studied an animal group sacrificed 2 hours after intramuscular (i.m.) drug administration with blood and VH collection 24 hours later, to evaluate the existence of possible post-mortem changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    After DZ administration, a fast absorption phase was observed with a plasma C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    value 1 hour after, followed by a rapid concentration decrease, with a half-life of 1 hour, indicating that, besides elimination, a fast distribution to other organs and tissues and\/or hepatic metabolism occurred. Diazepam C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    value in VH was achieved between 1 and 2 hours, when plasma concentrations had already decreased to half the value. The plasma\/VH DZ ratio calculated at this time was 10. In the post-mortem study, while plasma DZ concentration at 24 hours was smaller, DMD levels were higher than those at the time of death. In the VH, both DZ and DMD concentrations at 24 hours were higher than those obtained at the time of death. That is, in both fluids DZ and DMD concentrations were different from those at the time of death and post-mortem distribution and redistribution phenomena occurred. The combination of antemortem and post-mortem studies has allowed the determination of a correlation ratio for DZ in the rabbit of 6\u00d7, comparing the concentrations in VH collected 24 hours after death with the concentrations detected in plasma at the time of death.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study opens new perspectives for the use of VH as a complementary sample to blood for DZ detection and confirmation. The putative relevance of the correlation ratio obtained, for forensic toxicology practice with medical substances, namely benzodiazepines, recommends further studies in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T18:40:00Z","timestamp":1103222400000},"page":"571-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vitreous humour as a complementary sample to blood for the                 detection\/confirmation of diazepam: ante-mortem and post-mortem studies in an animal model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"H M","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Legal Medicine, Delegation of Coimbra, Largo da Se                         Nova, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of                         Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental                         Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Legal Medicine, Delegation of Coimbra, Largo da                         S\u00e9 Nova, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental                         Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Qui\u0144tela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rivadulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago                         de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D N","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Legal Medicine, Delegation of Coimbra, Largo da                         S\u00e9 Nova, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra,                         Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rwfs.2000.0545"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77260-3_37"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9432(75)90221-6"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14950J"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90236-3"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.1.59"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"93","volume":"14","author":"Felby S","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/14.5.305"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199312000-00006"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/16.6.372"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"100","volume":"1","author":"Samuel R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13770J"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"507","volume":"14","author":"Felby S","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11751J"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.168"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00184-4"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(90)90182-X"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200204000-00002"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199506000-00002"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13908J"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.6.535"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.1.69"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14781J"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"24 Pinho-Marques EG, Teixeira HM, Proen\u00e7a P, Oliveira MM,                 Castanheira AM, Barroso M et al. Etude r\u00e9trospective, depuis les                 ann\u00e9es 50, des toxiques d\u00e9tect\u00e9sdans les                 \u00e9chantillons biologiques humains, de cadavres autopsi\u00e9s, dans                 les chefs-lieux appartenant \u00e0 la circonscription                 m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale de Coimbra. In Vieira DN, Rebelo A, Cordeiro C,                 Centro de Estudos de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina ed.                 Temas de Medicina Legal II. Coimbra: Coimbra Gr\u00e1fica, 2002; 407\u201313."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS16082J"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13791J"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00393-9"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.1995.10757474"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"29 P\u00e9pin G, Dubourvieux N, Gaillard Y. Difficult\u00e9                 d'interpr\u00e9tation des taux des benzodiaz\u00e9pines et                 mol\u00e9cules apparent\u00e9es dans le sang de cadavre                 pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00e0 l'autopsie: \u00e9tude de                 leur d\u00e9gradation in vitro apr\u00e8s conservation pendant 6 moins                 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes temp\u00e9ratures. J Med Legal Droit                 Medical 1998; 41: 341\u201353."},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12243J"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050100"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01483919108049340"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02340833"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/19.1.35"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90244-2"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"67","volume":"199","author":"Klotz U","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"163","author":"Pounder DJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Legal Med"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02340830"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS16081J"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15024J"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140000135"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140000141"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:42:58Z","timestamp":1777448578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0960327104ht490oa","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}