{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:18:15Z","timestamp":1790464695087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas\u2019 disease (American trypanosomiasis) is an endemic parasitic disease in some areas of Latin America. About 16-18 million persons are infected with the aetiological agent of the disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, and more than 100 million are living at risk of infection. There are different modes of infection: 1) via blood sucking vector insects infected with T. cruzi, accounting for 80-90% of transmission of the disease; 2) via blood transfusion or congenital transmission, accounting for0.5-8% of transmission; 3) other less common forms of infection, eg, from infected food or drinks or via infected organs used in transplants. The acute phase of the disease can last from weeks to months and typically is asymptomatic or associated with fever and other mild non-specific manifestations. However, life-threatening myocarditis or meningoencephalitis can occur during the acute phase. The death rate for persons in this phase is about 10%. Approximately 10-50% of the survivors develop chronic Chagas\u2019 disease, which is characterized by potentially lethal cardiopathy and megacolon or megaoesophagus. There are two drugs available for the aetiological treatment of Chagas\u2019 disease: nifurtimox (Nfx) and benznidazole (Bz). Nfx is a nitrofurane and Bz is a nitroimidazole compound. The use of these drugs to treat the acute phase of the disease is widely accepted. However, their use in the treatment of the chronic phase is controversial. The undesirable side effects of both drugs are a major drawback in their use, frequently forcing the physician to stop treatment. The most frequent adverse effects observed in the use of Nfx are: anorexia, loss of weight, psychic alterations, excitability, sleepiness, digestive manifestations such as nausea or vomiting, and occasionally intestinal colic and diarrhoea. In the case of Bz, skin manifestations are the most notorious (eg, hypersensitivity, dermatitis with cutaneous eruptions, generalized oedema, fever, lymphoadenopathy, articular and muscular pain), with depression of bone marrow, thrombocytopenic purpura and agranulocytosis being the more severe manifestations. Experimental toxicity studies with Nfx evidenced neurotoxicity, testicular damage, ovarian toxicity, and deleterious effects in adrenal, colon, oesophageal and mammary tissue. In the case of Bz, deleterious effects were observed in adrenals, colon and oesophagus. Bz also inhibits the metabolism of several xenobiotics biotransformed by the cytochrome P450 system and its reactive metabolites react with fetal components in vivo. Both drugs exhibited significant mutagenic effects and were shown to be tumorigenic or carcinogenic in some studies. The toxic side effects of both nitroheterocyclic derivatives require enzymatic reduction of their nitro group. Those processes are fundamentally mediated by cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450. Other enzymes such as xanthine oxidoreductase or aldehyde oxidase may also be involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106het653oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,3]],"date-time":"2006-08-03T19:46:42Z","timestamp":1154634402000},"page":"471-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":437,"title":["Toxic Side Effects of Drugs Used to Treat Chagas\u2019 Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Toxicol\u00f3 gicas - CEITOX (CITEFA\/CONICET), J.B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Pcia. de Buenos Aires 1603, Argentina,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Montalto","family":"deMecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Toxicol\u00f3 gicas - CEITOX (CITEFA\/CONICET), J.B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Pcia. de Buenos Aires 1603, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C","family":"Bartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Toxicol\u00f3 gicas - CEITOX (CITEFA\/CONICET), J.B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Pcia. de Buenos Aires 1603, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Control of Chagas disease: report of a WHO expert Committee","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi e Doen\u00e7ade Chagas","author":"Pinto Dias JC.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Pinto Dias JC. 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