{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:19:44Z","timestamp":1791044384864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium is a human carcinogen of worldwide concern because it accumulates in the environment due to its extremely long half-life. Its compounds are classified as human carcinogens by several regulatory agencies. Cadmium affects cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular activities and can cause numerous molecular lesions that would be relevant to carcinogenesis. For a long time cadmium has been considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen, as it is only weakly mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cell test systems. Recently, we presented evidence that when assayed in a test system, in which both intragenic and multilocus mutations can be detected, cadmium acts as a strong mutagen which induces predominantly multilocus deletions. In this review, we discuss two mechanisms that play an important role in cadmium mutagenicity: (i) induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and (ii) inhibition of DNA repair. Experimental evidence suggests that cadmium at low, for environmental exposure relevant concentrations, induces mutations by inducing oxidative DNA damage and that it decreases genetic stability by inhibiting the repair of endogenous and exogenous DNA lesions, which in turn increase the probability of mutations and consequently cancer initiation by this metal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T19:33:55Z","timestamp":1139081635000},"page":"67-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Molecular mechanisms of cadmium induced mutagenicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Filipi\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute                         of Biology, Ve\u010dna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Fatur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute                         of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Vudrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health, Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka 29, 1000                         Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"National Park Service, Water Resources Division, Fort Collins","author":"Irwin RJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria 134","author":"WHO","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology: toxicology of metals, biochemical effects","author":"Goering PL","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"4                      IARC                 .                      Beryllium                 ,                      cadmium                 ,                      mercury                 , and                      exposures in the glass manufacturing industry                 . Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans,                 Volume 58.                      Lyon, France                 , 1993: 119\u2013238."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Tenth Report on Carcinogens, Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(00)00009-X"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.6.1014"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/52.3.157"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Toxicology of metals","author":"Waalkes MP","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"139","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz GG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/52.2.154"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157296"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Cadmium in human environment: toxicity and carcinogenicity","author":"Rossman TG","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00226-2"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"543","volume":"20","author":"Nakamura K","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"455","volume":"61","author":"Achanzar WE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(83)90009-X"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx960122y"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398209530170"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-7992(85)80024-5"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850230212"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850230407"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(83)90056-8"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(98)00003-1"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00058-3"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00196-3"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579070"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.12.3102"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1358"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"5922","volume":"59","author":"Xu A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.11.006"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(80)90175-2"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01534939"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/15.3.207"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"6305","volume":"52","author":"Hei TK","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8103"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909300.ch5"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90190-X"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.267"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00809-2","volume":"32","author":"Kasprzak KS","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Rad Biol Med"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00144-X"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00305-6"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01526.x"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1997.0197"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90013-A"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(84)90328-6"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.4959"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3576092"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48474-8"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"683","volume":"56","author":"Yarborough A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(97)04720-4"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00156151"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00312-9"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362709a0"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"DNA repair and mutagenesis","author":"Friedberg EC","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00419-4"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-7864(02)00074-5"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(03)00112-X"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.4.617"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00043-1"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/348073a0"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.66.1.61"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00273-8"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8116"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(79)90557-5"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(99)80040-6"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(84)90079-X"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)80990-2"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.2483"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.04.060"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06700.x"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1172"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00381-8"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/24.1.63"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161258"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.0029"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4827(03)00062-4"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098158980"},{"key":"atypb80","first-page":"435","volume":"118","author":"Kazantzis G","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.3.194"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(92)90052-R"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.18"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2001.9262"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00375-4"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.2.195"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399409531839"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449209145323"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg095"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(78)90120-2"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:35Z","timestamp":1777448615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0960327106ht590oa","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}}}