{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:31:27Z","timestamp":1777667487969,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>2-butoxyethanol, used extensively for domestic and industrial purposes, was tested in our experiments for its potential to cause damage to female rat ocular tissues. Female rats were previously found to be particularly sensitive to 2-butoxyethanol. A group of eight female F344 rats (2\u20133 months old) were exposed by gavage to 250 mg of 2-butoxyethanol\/kg b.w. per day for 3 consecutive days and sacrificed 24 h after the last dose. Eight female rats received the dosing vehicle (water) and served as controls. At necropsy, petechial hemorrhages were noted on the sclera. Microscopic examination revealed treatmentrelated effects in the eyes, in addition to other known effects of BE exposure such as disseminated thrombosis and necrosis and infarction in various organs. The spectrum of histopathological changes noted in the eyes included hemorrhages localized in the posterior layers of the retina, leading to photoreceptor degeneration. Thrombi were identified in ciliary processes and limbal blood vessels. Histological changes suggestive of the retinal ischemic-infarctive process were also noted. Possible pathogenic mechanisms of 2-butoxyethanol-induced retinopathy are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/096032799678845070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,3]],"date-time":"2003-04-03T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1049398723000},"page":"577-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ocular thrombosis and retinal degeneration induced in female F344 rats by 2-butoxyethanol"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Nyska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R R","family":"Maronpot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B I","family":"Ghanayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health                         Sciences (NIEHS), PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC                         27709, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Gibson T. A market analysis of 2-butoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethylacetate.                 Prepared for the US Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Branch,                 subcontract EPA 36-5 of ICF, Inc., contract no. 68-02-4055, 1984."},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90103-7"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"222","volume":"242","author":"Ghanayem BI","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90317-1"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Toxicity studies of Ethylene Glycol                 Ethers-2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol administered in drinking                 water to F344\/N rats and B6C3F\n                      1\n                      mice. Technical Report Series Number 26,                 NIH publication 93-3349, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health                 Service, Bethesda, Maryland, 1993."},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"253","volume":"2","author":"Ghanayem B","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"1155","volume":"9","author":"Ward S","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Toxicologist"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of                 2-Butoxyethanol (CAS No. 111-76-2) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation                 studies). Technical Report Series 484, Department of Health and Human Services,                 Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. Report in preparation, 1998."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8410"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8518","volume":"153","author":"Dill AJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339902700304"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550140206"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"Grossblatt N","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9086313"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The 18th International Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists","author":"Nyska A"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90188-X"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Pathologic basis of disease","author":"Cotran RS","year":"1994","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713689808951225"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"667","volume-title":"Ophthalmic Pathology. 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