{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T20:47:31Z","timestamp":1793998051406,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The CD40-CD40L system has pleiotropic effects in a variety of cells and biological processes including immune response, thrombosis and atherogenesis. Within the immune system, these molecules representa critical link between its humoral and cellular arms. As a result of these attributes and based on preclinical data in animals, anti-CD40L antibodies were tested in a variety of immunologic diseases including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, psoriasis, Crohn\u2019s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and transplantation.Phase I\/II studies in humans with lupus nephritis demonstrated reduction of anti-double-strandedDNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies but not of protective antibodies. Reduction of anti-DNA was associated with increased serum complement levels and reduced glomerularinflammation. As a result of thromboticeffects, observed even in patients negative for anti-cardiolipinantibodies, there is a temporary halt on further human studies. The reasons for the prothrombotic effects are not clear at present but may represent effects on platelets and\/or the endothelium. In view of the significant immunomodulatory effects of anti-CD40L treatment in patients with lupus nephritis, the increasing realizationof the importance of premature atherosclerosis in lupus and an increasing amount of data supportinga role for the CD40-CD40L interactionsin this process, inhibition of this pathway deserves further exploration in lupus. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1032oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,26]],"date-time":"2004-05-26T22:54:21Z","timestamp":1085612061000},"page":"391-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Lessons learned from anti-CD40L treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"P I","family":"Sidiropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of                         Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, 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