{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T18:25:30Z","timestamp":1768069530882,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]],"date-time":"1998-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":893980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis, secondary to the deposition in small and medium-sized blood vessels of circulating immune complexes, mainly the cryoglobulins, and complement. MC is characterised by a typical clinical triad (purpura, weakness, arthralgias) and by one or more organ involvement: chronic hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, peripheral neuropathy, skin ulcers and diffuse vasculitis. In a limited number of MC patients, a malignancy, that is B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or hepatocellular carcinoma, may also develop. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been found in the majority of patients with MC; the frequency of HCV markers (91%) was significantly higher than other rheumatic diseases (6.4%), namely systemic lupus, Sj\u00f9gren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis, or healthy controls (1.2%). The HCV infection of lymphoid tissues may represent the remote event leading to B-lymphocyte proliferation responsible for autoantibodies and immune-complex production. In a similar way, HCV infection may also be involved in the pathogenesis of other autoimmune (glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, lung fibrosis, autoimmune hepatitis, porphyria cutanea tarda) and lymphoproliferative disorders (monoclonal gammopathies, B-cell lymphomas). MC shares numerous clinico-serological and pathological features with the above disorders. HCV seems to be their common etiological agent; however, a variable combination of unknown co-factors (infectious, genetic, environmental) should be determinant for the appearance of different clinical patterns. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/096120398678920091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,12]],"date-time":"2003-11-12T12:45:16Z","timestamp":1068641116000},"page":"275-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a cross-road between autoimmune and                 lymphoproliferative disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Ferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"La Civita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Longombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Istituto Patologia Medica I, University of Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A L","family":"Zignego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Medicina Interna, University of Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Pasero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Istituto Patologia Medica I, University of Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(62)90191-2"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90390-3"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(66)90200-2"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341221"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000205684"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01077.x"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381222"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"111","volume":"14","author":"Ferri C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00782.x"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361003"},{"issue":"13","key":"atypb12","first-page":"135","volume":"13","author":"Ferri C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"54","volume":"76","author":"Perl A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-5-700"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-1229(88)80004-7"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197706302962605"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-3-379"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)90339-9"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2523562"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Hollinger FB                 .                      NANBH viruses                 . In:                      Hollinger FB                 ,                      Robinson WS                 ,                      Purcell RH                 ,                      Garin JL                 ,                      Ticehurst J                  (eds). Viral hepatitis, Biological and Clinical Features, Specific                     Diagnosis and Prophylaxis.                      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