{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:56:02Z","timestamp":1777542962567,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The year 2004 marks the \u201dftieth anniversary of the celebrated 1954 Salk polio vaccine trial. This enormous clinical trial, involving 1.8 million children, was carried out with the co-operation and assistance of hundreds of thousands of lay volunteers, along with medical professionals and local health departments throughout the USA. While the trial was an impressive public health achievement, \u201drmly establishing the ef\u201dcacy of the killed virus vaccine and paving the way for eradication of the disease, it was not without controversy. This article recounts the story of this important early clinical trial and how the social and political conditions at the time affected its planning and execution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,26]],"date-time":"2005-04-26T20:34:24Z","timestamp":1114547664000},"page":"122-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Salk Polio Vaccine Trial of 1954: risks, randomization and public involvement in research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Liza","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Phoebe R. Berman Bioethics Institute, The John Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House Rm. 352, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0703-874"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Tom Rivers: reflections on a life in medicine and science","author":"Benison S","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Activities of the NFIP in the field of virus research","author":"De Kruif P","year":"1939"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Breakthrough: the saga of Jonas Salk","author":"Carter R","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"New York Times, Nov 21, 1951. $4,000,000 sought in polio drive here."},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"New York Times, June 3, 1952. Record polio donations."},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis","year":"1951"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.115.2987.321"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"321","volume":"11","author":"Berk LB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans Coll Phys Philadelphia"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"History of poliomyelitis","author":"Paul J","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.109.2822.85"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.62.3.301","volume":"62","author":"Morgan IM","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.44.5.563"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Patenting the sun","author":"Smith JS","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3257.1067"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1953.13.1081"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Meldrum ML. \u201cDepartures from the design\u201d: the randomized clinical trial in historical context, 1946\u2013 1970. PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Stonybrook, 1994."},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Evaluation of the 1954 Field Trial of Poliomyelitis Vaccine: Final Report","author":"Francis T.","year":"1957"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"New York Times, April 5, 1955. Health units call polio vaccine safe."},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Summary Report","author":"Vaccine Evaluation Center","year":"1955"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Final Report. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Of\u201dce, 1995: 113\u2013114."},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"1005","volume":"50","author":"Brownlee KA","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Technical Report on Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine and Report on vaccine Produced by the Cutter Laboratories","author":"US Public Health Service","year":"1955"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846534.ch10"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"New York Times","author":"Pollak M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Baltimore Sun","author":"Williams, L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086726"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"351","volume":"56","author":"Scott EC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Drug Law J"}],"container-title":["Clinical Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:34Z","timestamp":1777397134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1740774504cn010xx","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-7745","1740-7753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-7745","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-7753","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}