{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:33:37Z","timestamp":1760204017975,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Phagocytes remove and store mercury (Hg) that enters the body. Macrophages and granulocytes respond in opposite ways to Hg: macrophages loose cell viability, and neutrophils become protected from apoptosis. We have investigated the cytology of early intake of Hg by macrophages and neutrophils after a short period (2-4 min) of in vivo exposure to HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The two types of phagocytes were attracted either to a subcutaneous air pouch or to the peritoneal cavity of BALB\/c mice by in situ BSA injection. BSA caused, 72 hours later, inflammatory exudates where neutrophils (air-pouch cavity) or macrophages (peritoneal cavity) were the predominant cell type. A lethal dose of HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (25 mg) was then injected in the two inflammatory cavities. The mice died 2-4 min later and the cell exudates were harvested and studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray elemental microanalysis (SEM-XRM). More than half of the phagocytes showed ingested Hg; a higher percentage of macrophages (around 70%) than neutrophils (around 50%) were positive for the metal. Intracellular particles of Hg were spheroid and presented a small diameter (less than 20 nm). They could be seen in large numbers inside phagocytes (up to 20-30 Hg dots per cell); they were scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. The ability of phagocytes to ingest Hg increased as the BSA-induced inflammation progressed. We conclude that (i) Hg is quickly ingested as small particles by phagocytes; (ii) endocytosis of Hg increases with the degree of activation of phagocytes; and (iii) phagocytes internalize Hg by pinocytosis. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]],"date-time":"2004-09-08T22:07:48Z","timestamp":1094681268000},"page":"447-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mercury intake by inflammatory phagocytes: in vivo cytology of mouse                 macrophages and neutrophils by X-ray elemental microanalysis coupled with scanning                 electron microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elisabete M","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences,                         University of Porto, Lg. Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o R","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula G","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artur P","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, ICBAS (Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical                         Sciences), UMIB (Unit for Multidisciplinary Investigation in Biomedicine),                         and IBMC (Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology), University of                         Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s111"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00061"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"3990","volume":"44","author":"FDA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00004"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"15","volume":"35","author":"Formanek R Jr","year":"2001","journal-title":"FDA Consum"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00780-4"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0482"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00225-8"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00016163"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2002.4358"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923970009016432"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/152873902753396802"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(92)90150-J"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"110","volume":"132","author":"Contrino J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00038.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711340205"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.9.3009-3014.1991"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001900108"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023451407164"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288347"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02331446"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01973309"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01451"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0103037"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0602325"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1741001828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0960327104ht472oa","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0960-3271"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-0903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}