{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:32:44Z","timestamp":1785411164182,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych Int."],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056474025100925_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance use disorder (SUD) is a rapidly growing public health challenge in developing countries across socioeconomic divides. In sub-Saharan Africa, the situation of SUD is particularly concerning and largely unexplored, with projections indicating a worsening trend.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056474025100925_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study seeks to fill the gap by generating insights into the multifaceted nature of alcohol and drug use disorders among a young adult population in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056474025100925_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional survey of 192 current students at a university of a metropolitan city in North-Western Nigeria, using the NIDA-Modified ASSIST version 2.0, adapted from the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056474025100925_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      About half of the participants (49.7%) were heavy drinkers, 36.5% and 56.8% reported past year tobacco smoking and use of prescription drugs for non-medical reasons, but only 7.4% had used illegal drugs daily in the past year. Cannabis and sedatives were the most used substances in the lifetime (56.2% and 47.9%, respectively) and past 3 months (52.4% and 51.1%, respectively). Men had greater odds of substance use in their lifetime (odds ratio 4.167, 95% CI 1.61\u201310.77; d.f. = 1,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003) and past three months (odds ratio 6.059, 95% CI 2.20\u201316.69; d.f. = 1,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.001), compared with women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056474025100925_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of SUD remains a major public health concern in Nigeria despite existing legislation, regulations and policies in the country. There is an urgent need improve diagnostic, treatment and preventative resources by engaging a massive public health campaign to alert the public of the dangers of SUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2025.10092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:42:00Z","timestamp":1769586120000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Substance use disorders among young adults in North-Western Nigeria: descriptive survey of patterns of use"],"prefix":"10.1192","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Marke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaduna State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwole","family":"Jegede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5298-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Boman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaduna State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Yakasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaduna State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221130039"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.140"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref5","unstructured":"5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Drug Overdose Deaths in the US Top 100,000 Annually, 2021. CDC, 2021 (https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press_releases\/2021\/20211117.htm [cited 17 Feb 2024])."},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000234"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2020-0086"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref20","first-page":"S51","article-title":"Medication assisted treatment (mat) for opioid use disorders (ouds): opinion and experiences of substance use professionals (sups) in Nigeria","volume":"41","author":"Uteh","year":"2024","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i10.1268"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref24","volume-title":"Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP24-07-021, NSDUH Series H-59)","year":"2024"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0242"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref11","volume-title":"World Drug Report 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref23","first-page":"195","article-title":"Drug abuse among adolescents in Kano metropolis, Nigeria: drug abuse among adolescents in Kano metropolis, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Namadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ilimi J Arts Soc Sci"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.214.12851"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Routledge Handbook of Homicide Studies","author":"Santos"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000534675"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref19","volume-title":"Are Persons Who Inject Drugs in Nigeria Accessing Evidence-Based Care?","author":"James","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2021.1603960"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.010"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.002"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref9","first-page":"291","article-title":"Psycho-active substance use among in-school adolescents in Zaria, north western Nigeria: what are the triggers?","volume":"18","author":"Idris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413477553"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2021.1603960"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref22","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of drug abuse among youths in a rural community in north western Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Gobir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop J Health Sci"},{"key":"S2056474025100925_ref16","volume-title":"WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000\u20132030","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["BJPsych International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056474025100925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:42:04Z","timestamp":1769586124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056474025100925\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S2056474025100925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bji.2025.10092","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4740","2058-6264"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4740","type":"print"},{"value":"2058-6264","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}