{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:05:38Z","timestamp":1778220338297,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558569600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Individuals with bipolar disorder respond to affective symptoms with a range of coping behaviours, which may further maintain the symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To examine moment-to-moment dynamics between affective states and coping behaviours, and to evaluate the role of cognitive appraisals of internal states as moderators.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Forty-six individuals with bipolar disorder completed a clinical interview and an experience sampling assessment over 6 days. Time-lagged analyses were conducted by multilevel regression modelling.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A total of 1807 momentary entries were analysed. Negative affect predicted an increase in rumination at the subsequent time point (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.21, s.e. = 0.08, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009, 95% CI 0.05\u20130.36), and <jats:italic>vice versa<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.05). Positive affect predicted an increase in adaptive coping (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.26, s.e. = 0.11, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.018, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.47), and <jats:italic>vice versa<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.019, 95% CI 0.00\u20130.03). Positive affect also predicted a decrease in rumination (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.15, s.e. = 0.06, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014, 95% CI \u22120.26 to \u22120.03), and <jats:italic>vice versa<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.03, s.e. = 0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016, 95% CI \u22120.06 to \u22120.01). Extreme cognitive appraisals predicted stronger associations between affective states and coping behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Feedback loops between affective states and coping behaviours were revealed in the daily life of individuals with bipolar disorder, which were moderated by extreme cognitive appraisals.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472419000358_sec_a6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Declaration of interest<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T11:01:52Z","timestamp":1558609312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moment-to-moment interaction between affectivity and coping behaviours in bipolar disorder and the role of cognitive 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