{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:58:19Z","timestamp":1792616299872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472420000940_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Symptoms of serious mental illness are multidimensional and often interact in complex ways. Generative models offer value in elucidating the underlying relationships that characterise these networks of symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472420000940_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In this paper we use generative models to find unique interactions of schizophrenia symptoms as experienced on a moment-by-moment basis.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472420000940_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Self-reported mood, anxiety and psychosis symptoms, self-reported measurements of sleep quality and social function, cognitive assessment, and smartphone touch screen data from two assessments modelled after the Trail Making A and B tests were collected with a digital phenotyping app for 47 patients in active treatment for schizophrenia over a 90-day period. Patients were retrospectively divided up into various non-exclusive subgroups based on measurements of depression, anxiety, sleep duration, cognition and psychosis symptoms taken in the clinic. Associated transition probabilities for the patient cohort and for the clinical subgroups were calculated using state transitions between adjacent 3-day timesteps of pairwise survey domains.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472420000940_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The three highest probabilities for associated transitions across all patients were anxiety-inducing mood (0.357, <jats:italic>P &lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001), psychosis-inducing mood (0.276, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and anxiety-inducing poor sleep (0.268, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). These transition probabilities were compared against a validation set of 17 patients from a pilot study, and no significant differences were found. Unique symptom networks were found for clinical subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472420000940_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Using a generative model using digital phenotyping data, we show that certain symptoms of schizophrenia may play a role in elevating other schizophrenia symptoms in future timesteps. Symptom networks show that it is feasible to create clinically interpretable models that reflect the unique symptom interactions of psychosis-spectrum illness. These results offer a framework for researchers capturing temporal dynamics, for clinicians seeking to move towards preventative care, and for patients to better understand their lived experience.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T08:53:25Z","timestamp":1604393605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Deriving symptom networks from digital phenotyping data in serious mental illness"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hays","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matcheri","family":"Keshavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wisniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Torous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4238","article-title":"Computational psychiatry as a bridge from neuroscience to clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"Huys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000276"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.009"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1377-7"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using smartphones to capture novel recovery metrics after cancer surgery","volume":"155","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0022-8"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0623"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000243"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1460"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.035"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.040"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0030-z"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00033-4"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466504X19767"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz043"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-019-00095-w"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000661"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000306"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy121"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.004"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref2","first-page":"229","article-title":"The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum","volume":"208","author":"van Rooijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000596"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11029"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0038-0"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.007"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2019.07.04","article-title":"Actionable digital phenotyping: a framework for the delivery of just-in-time and longitudinal interventions in clinical healthcare","volume":"5","author":"Vaidyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"mHealth"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref24","first-page":"473","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2019.1611278"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900019714"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6793"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.6.853"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12080"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417744255"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2016.05.018"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.04.011"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0580"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22730"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651500600885531"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.25"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref30","first-page":"611","article-title":"Assessing cognition outside of the clinic: smartphones and sensors for cognitive assessment across diverse psychiatric disorders","volume":"42","author":"Hays","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs136"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2019.100144"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.12.003"},{"key":"S2056472420000940_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.09.011"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472420000940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T08:53:30Z","timestamp":1604393610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472420000940\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472420000940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2020.94","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e135"}}