{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:52:21Z","timestamp":1747194741710,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472421010231_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among people with intellectual disability. Diagnosing ADHD in this clinically and cognitively complex and diverse group is difficult, given the overlapping psychiatric and behavioural presentations. Underdiagnoses and misdiagnoses leading to irrational polypharmacy and worse health and social outcomes are common. Diagnostic interviews exist, but are cumbersome and not in regular clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421010231_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We aimed to develop a screening tool to help identify people with intellectual disability and ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421010231_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A prospective cross-sectional study, using STROBE guidance, invited all carers of people with intellectual disability aged 18\u201350 years open to the review of the psychiatric team in a single UK intellectual disability service (catchment population: 150 000). A ten-item questionnaire based on the DSM-V ADHD criteria was circulated. All respondents\u2019 baseline clinical characteristics were recorded, and the DIVA-5-ID was administered blinded to the individual questionnaire result. Fisher exact and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify relevant questionnaire items and the combinations that afforded best sensitivity and specificity for predicting ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421010231_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Of 78 people invited, 39 responded (26 men, 13 women), of whom 30 had moderate-to-profound intellectual disability and 38 had associated comorbidities and on were medication, including 22 on psychotropics. Thirty-six screened positive for ADHD, and 24 were diagnosed (16 men, eight women). Analysis showed two positive responses on three specific questions to have 88% sensitivity and 87% specificity, and be the best predictor of ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421010231_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The three-question screening is an important development for identifying ADHD in people with intellectual disability. It needs larger-scale replication to generate generalisable results.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.1023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T08:54:12Z","timestamp":1633337652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability: statistical approach to developing a bespoke screening tool"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Indermeet","family":"Sawhney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhathika","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0710-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regi T","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-99"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.009"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12705"},{"volume-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults with Intellectual Disability (CR230)","key":"S2056472421010231_ref12"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/AMHID-12-2018-0053"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2007.02.002"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12265"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711413074"},{"volume-title":"Learning Disability Mortality (Death) Review Programme","key":"S2056472421010231_ref19"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S104706"},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013","key":"S2056472421010231_ref1"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1790524"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540300056034"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref13","unstructured":"13 DIVA Foundation. DIVA-5 ID. DIVA Foundation, 2019 (https:\/\/www.divacenter.eu\/DIVA.aspx?id=527)."},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2010.486321"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(15)30673-8"},{"key":"S2056472421010231_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1876028"},{"volume-title":"Stopping Over Medication of People With a Learning Disability, Autism or Both (STOMP)","key":"S2056472421010231_ref18"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472421010231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T08:54:21Z","timestamp":1633337661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472421010231\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472421010231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2021.1023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2056-4724"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e187"}}