{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:50:37Z","timestamp":1747194637099,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472421009522_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) is one of the most widely used traumatic event inventories, but its lack of validation makes it unsuitable for the millions of homeless people with severe mental illness in India, who are particularly vulnerable to trauma exposure.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421009522_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To translate and culturally adapt the THQ for use in a population of homeless people with severe mental illness in Tamil Nadu, India.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421009522_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We used Herdman et al's model of cultural equivalence to conduct an in-depth qualitative assessment of the cultural validity of the THQ. Following several translations, conceptual, item, semantic and operational equivalence of the THQ was assessed through four focus groups with user-survivors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20) and two focus groups with mental health professionals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421009522_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Several adaptations, including the addition of 18 items about relationships, homelessness and mental illness, were necessary to improve cultural validity. Three items, such as rape, were removed for reasons of irrelevance or cultural insensitivity. Items like \u2018adultery\u2019 and \u2018mental illness\u2019 were reworded to \u2018extramarital affair\u2019 and \u2018mental health problem\u2019, respectively, to capture the cultural nuances of the Tamil language. Findings revealed a divergence in views on tool acceptability between user-survivors, who felt empowered to voice their experiences, and mental health professionals, who were concerned for patient well-being. Providing a sense of pride and autonomy, user-survivors preferred self-administration, whereas mental health professionals preferred rater administration.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472421009522_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Culture significantly affects what types of events are considered traumatic, highlighting the importance of cultural validation of instruments for use in novel populations and settings.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T07:12:06Z","timestamp":1625469126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adapting the Trauma History Questionnaire for use in a population of homeless people with severe mental illness in Tamil Nadu, India: qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6759-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Gilmoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-2848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smriti","family":"Vallath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth M. H.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"van der Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.493"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.25.2.207"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment","year":"2006","author":"Briere","key":"S2056472421009522_ref1"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v04n02_08"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21848"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref10","first-page":"9","article-title":"Homelessness in India","volume":"15","author":"Sattar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shelter"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref23","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Handbook of Qualitative Research","author":"Schwandt","year":"1994"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026410721664"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008846618880"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01498.x"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001981"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref37","first-page":"277","article-title":"Patients\u2019 rights in India: an ethical perspective","volume":"9","author":"Ghooi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Ethics"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.09.003"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/35.1.39"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref17","first-page":"626","article-title":"Culture and the mental health consequences of trauma","volume":"61","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Soc Work"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41155-016-0040-x"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.003"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.015"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00173-6"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2011.572035"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136410"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.88.1.23"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0270-9"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-009-0065-6"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00519.x"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.100.4.1115-1120"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15373\/22778160\/August2014\/16"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.022"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref18","first-page":"257","article-title":"Trauma redefined in the DSM-5: rationale and implications for counseling practice","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prof Couns Res Pract"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60435-9"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.059"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1901-2276.61.2.29"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003274"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.105555"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0729-4"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref5","first-page":"131","article-title":"Shelter from the storm: trauma-informed care in homelessness services settings","volume":"2","author":"Hopper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Health Serv Policy J"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462005000100014"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMPB-10-2013-0061"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2011.555945"},{"key":"S2056472421009522_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520909613"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472421009522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T07:12:13Z","timestamp":1625469133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472421009522\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472421009522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2021.952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2056-4724"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e122"}}