{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1789872815560,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA241\/16-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA241\/16-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFO241, BI 576 15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFO241, BI 576 15-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHU 1603\/4-1, 5-1, 7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHU 1603\/4-1, 5-1, 7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472422000175_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case-only longitudinal studies are common in psychiatry. Further, it is assumed that psychiatric ratings and questionnaire results of healthy controls stay stable over foreseeable time ranges. For cognitive tests, improvements over time are expected, but data for more than two administrations are scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422000175_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We comprehensively investigated the longitudinal course for trends over time in cognitive and symptom measurements for severe mental disorders. Assessments included the Trail Making Tests, verbal Digit Span tests, Global Assessment of Functioning, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale, among others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422000175_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the data of control individuals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 326) from the PsyCourse study who had up to four assessments over 18 months, we modelled the course using linear mixed models or logistic regression. The slopes or odds ratios were estimated and adjusted for age and gender. We also assessed the robustness of these results using a longitudinal non-parametric test in a sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422000175_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small effects were detected for most cognitive tests, indicating a performance improvement over time (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). However, for most of the symptom rating scales and questionnaires, no effects were detected, in line with our initial hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422000175_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The slightly but consistently improved performance in the cognitive tests speaks of a test-unspecific positive trend, while psychiatric ratings and questionnaire results remain stable over the observed period. These detectable improvements need to be considered when interpreting longitudinal courses. We therefore recommend recruiting control participants if cognitive tests are administered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T08:29:07Z","timestamp":1646209747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stability over time of scores on psychiatric rating scales, questionnaires and cognitive tests in healthy 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e55"}}