{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:32:28Z","timestamp":1781659948933,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006214_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A critical step in research on the epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in low-resource settings is the validation of brief self-reported psychometric tools available in the public domain, such as the Impact Event Scale \u2013 Revised (IES-R).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006214_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the validity of the IES-R in a primary healthcare setting in Harare, Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006214_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from a survey of 264 consecutively sampled adults (mean age 38 years; 78% female). We estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios for different cut-off points of the IES-R, against a diagnosis of PTSD made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. We performed factor analysis to evaluate construct validity of the IES-R.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006214_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of PTSD was 23.9% (95% CI 18.9\u201329.5). The area under the curve for the IES-R was 0.90. At a cut-off of \u226547, the sensitivity of the IES-R to detect PTSD was 84.1 (95% CI 72.7\u201392.1) and specificity was 81.1 (95% CI 75.0\u201386.3). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 4.45 and 0.20, respectively. Factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution, with both factors showing good internal consistency (Cronbach's factor-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>= 0.95, factor-2<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>= 0.76). In a<jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>analysis, we found the brief six-item IES-6 also performed well, with an area under the curve of 0.87 and optimal cut-off of 15.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006214_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IES-R and IES-6 had good psychometric properties and performed well for indicating possible PTSD, but at higher cut-off points than those recommended in the Global North.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T09:14:32Z","timestamp":1676538872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and validity of the Impact of Events Scale \u2013 Revised in primary care in Zimbabwe, a non-war-affected African country"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Abas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna J.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Derveeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirosha","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Verhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dixon","family":"Chibanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472422006214_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00001421","article-title":"The 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