{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:27:10Z","timestamp":1789266430135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["447787115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["447787115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["714222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["714222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006226_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high trauma load and prevalence of mental distress in unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) who resettle in Western (European) countries is well documented. However, the lack of studies investigating the potentially most vulnerable population, URMs who are currently on the move in transit countries such as Libya, is alarming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006226_sec_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To document the mental health of URMs detained in Libya and the possible associations with trauma, flight and daily hardships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006226_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 99 (94.9% male;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 93) URMs participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in four detention centres near the Libyan capital Tripoli. Data were collected via standardised questionnaires in an interview format and analysed using structured equation modelling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006226_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants reported high rates of trauma, especially within Libya itself. Reports of daily hardships in detention ranged between 40 and 95% for basic needs and between 27 and 80% for social needs. Higher social needs were associated with increased anxiety symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.59;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028) and increased pre-migration (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.10;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.061) and peri-migration trauma (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.16;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.017) with symptoms of depression. Similarly, higher levels of pre-migration trauma were associated with higher post-traumatic stress disorder levels (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.17;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472422006226_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rates of daily hardships and traumatic events are higher compared with those recorded for URMs living in asylum centres in Europe. The emotional, social and cognitive development of detained URMs is severely threatened in both the short and long term. This paper outlines some of the most detrimental effects of migration policies on URMs transiting through Libya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1672889316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The impact of trauma and daily hardships on the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors detained in Libya"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5450-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Derluyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floor","family":"Verhaeghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihab","family":"Elhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1239-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ine","family":"Lietaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100096"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20093"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref12","volume-title":"SLE User's Manual","author":"Bean","year":"2004"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0463-1"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016945"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref24","first-page":"1019","article-title":"A systematic review of socio-ecological factors contributing to risk and protection of the mental health of refugee children and adolescents","volume":"83","author":"Scharpf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01629-x"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref3","article-title":"(Un)sustainable development of minors in Libyan refugee camps in the context of conflict-induced migration","volume":"12","author":"El Ghamari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1215-z"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref16","first-page":"51","article-title":"Validation of the multiple language versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist\u201337 for refugee adolescents","volume":"42","author":"Bean","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104518758839"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104634"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104513499356"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00041.x"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731516630384"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61721-9_36"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref29","unstructured":"29 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum. UNHCR, 1997."},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1945-y"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref27","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","author":"Broerman","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60050-0"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref2","unstructured":"2 Spittaels, S , Abou-Khalil, N , Bouhou, K , Kartas, M , McFarland, D , Pintos Servia, A . Letter dated 1 June 2017 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council. United Nationas Security Council, 2017. Available from: https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/1288668?ln=en#record-files-collapse-header [cited 18 Mar 2021]."},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref19","volume-title":"Research Handbook on Irregular Migration","author":"Orsini","year":"2023 (in press"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref11","first-page":"256","article-title":"Loops of violence(s) within Europe's governance of migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium","volume":"10","author":"Orsini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polit Gov"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref9","first-page":"303","article-title":"Mental health of children held at a United States immigration detention center","volume":"230","author":"MacLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003337"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref13","unstructured":"13 Vervliet, M , Broekaert, E , Derluyn, I . Daily Stressors Scale for Young Refugees (DSSYR). Ghent University, 2020."},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000644"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref1","volume-title":"Between Life and Death \u2013 Refugees and Migrants Trapped in Libya's Cycle of Abuse","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472422006226_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.007864"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472422006226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:28:47Z","timestamp":1672889327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472422006226\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472422006226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2022.622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e8"}}