{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:08:02Z","timestamp":1787069282494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH110483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH110483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000017_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma exposure can cause post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and persistently experiencing PTSS may lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown that PTSS that emerged within days of trauma was a robust predictor of PTSD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000017_sec_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate patterns of early stress responses to trauma and their associations with development of PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000017_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 247 civilian trauma survivors from a local hospital emergency department. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) were completed within 2 weeks after the traumatic event. Additionally, 3 months post-trauma 146 of these participants completed a PTSD diagnostic interview using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000017_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We first used latent profile analysis on four symptom clusters of the PCL-5 and the dissociation symptom cluster of the ASDS and determined that a four-profile model (\u2018severe symptoms\u2019, \u2018moderate symptoms\u2019, \u2018mild symptoms\u2019, \u2018minimal symptoms\u2019) was optimal based on multiple fit indices. Gender was found to be predictive of profile membership. We then found a significant association between subgroup membership and PTSD diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (3) = 11.85,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01, Cramer's\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.263).\n                      <jats:italic>Post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis revealed that this association was driven by participants in the \u2018severe symptoms\u2019 profile, who had a greater likelihood of developing PTSD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000017_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings fill the knowledge gap of identifying possible subgroups of individuals based on their PTSS severity during the early post-trauma period and investigating the relationship between subgroup membership and PTSD development, which have important implications for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:36:07Z","timestamp":1674700567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms after trauma exposure and associations with diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder at 3 months: latent profile analysis"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hao","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Grider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Elhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv038"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1546085"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20608"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.004"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1574"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.12.008"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105023"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"S2056472423000017_ref25","volume-title":"The 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The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). National Center for PTSD , 2013. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e27"}}