{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:39:37Z","timestamp":1777567177576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000236_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Tackling Scotland's drug-related deaths and improving outcomes from substance misuse treatments, including residential rehabilitation, is a national priority.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000236_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To analyse and report outcomes up to 4 years after attendance at a substance misuse residential rehabilitation programme (Lothians and Edinburgh Abstinence Programme).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000236_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In total, 145 participants were recruited to this longitudinal quantitative cohort study of an abstinence-based residential rehabilitation programme based on the therapeutic community model; 87 of these participants were followed up at 4 years. Outcomes are reported for seven subsections of the Addiction Severity Index-X (ASI-X), together with frequency of alcohol use, heroin use, injecting drug use and rates of abstinence from substances of misuse.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000236_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Significant improvement in most outcomes at 4 years compared with admission scores were found. Completing the programme was associated with greater rates of abstinence, reduced alcohol use and improvements in alcohol status score (Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 626, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.013), work satisfaction score (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 596, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016) and psychiatric status score (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 562, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.007) on the ASI-X, in comparison with non-completion. Abstinence rates improved from 12% at baseline to 48% at 4 years, with the rate for those completing the programme increasing from 14.5% to 60.7% (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(2, 87) = 9.738, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Remaining abstinent from substances at follow-up was associated with better outcomes in the medical (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 540, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), psychiatric (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 273.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and alcohol (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 322.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) subsections of the ASI-X.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423000236_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Attending this abstinence-based rehabilitation programme was associated with positive changes in psychological and social well-being and harm reduction from substance use at 4-year follow-up, with stability of change from years 1 to 4.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T07:23:33Z","timestamp":1678692213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Substance use, risk behaviours and well-being after admission to a quasi-residential abstinence-based rehabilitation programme: 4-year follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"M. Rome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472423000236_ref1","unstructured":"1 Minister for Drugs Policy. National Mission on Drug Deaths: Plan 2022\u20132026. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e52"}}