{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:30:35Z","timestamp":1791495035557,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005021_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four decades of war, political upheaval, economic deprivation and forced displacement have profoundly affected both in-country and refugee Afghan populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005021_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed literature on mental health and psychosocial well-being, to assess the current evidence and describe mental healthcare systems, including government programmes and community-based interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005021_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2022, we conducted a systematic search in Google Scholar, PTSDpubs, PubMed and PsycINFO, and a hand search of grey literature (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 214 papers). We identified the main factors driving the epidemiology of mental health problems, culturally salient understandings of psychological distress, coping strategies and help-seeking behaviours, and interventions for mental health and psychosocial support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005021_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mental health problems and psychological distress show higher risks for women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities and youth. Issues of suicidality and drug use are emerging problems that are understudied. Afghans use specific vocabulary to convey psychological distress, drawing on culturally relevant concepts of body\u2013mind relationships. Coping strategies are largely embedded in one's faith and family. Over the past two decades, concerted efforts were made to integrate mental health into the nation's healthcare system, train cadres of psychosocial counsellors, and develop community-based psychosocial initiatives with the help of non-governmental organisations. A small but growing body of research is emerging around psychological interventions adapted to Afghan contexts and culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005021_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We make four recommendations to promote health equity and sustainable systems of care. Interventions must build cultural relevance, invest in community-based psychosocial support and evidence-based psychological interventions, maintain core mental health services at logical points of access and foster integrated systems of care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T08:18:29Z","timestamp":1688977109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Afghan mental health and psychosocial well-being: thematic review of four decades of research and interventions"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qais","family":"Alemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Panter-Brick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spozhmay","family":"Oriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Ahmady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Qawi","family":"Alimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafizullah","family":"Faiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed A.","family":"Sami Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Amin","family":"Manaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khesraw","family":"Parwiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Javid","family":"Sadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Zahid","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zalmai","family":"Shinwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Jafar","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohullah","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atal","family":"Hewad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Musavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Majeed","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Bragin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Kashino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Lavdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Missmahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Omidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Trani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Kate","family":"van der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick","family":"Silove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3567-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ventevogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref86","first-page":"383","article-title":"Psychiatric problems in Afghan refugees","volume":"147","author":"Mufti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref187","first-page":"143","article-title":"Community psychosocial support in Afghanistan","volume":"2","author":"De Berry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref1","unstructured":"1 World Bank. Fragility, Conflict & Violence. World Bank, 2022 (https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/fragilityconflictviolence\/overview#1)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2019.1571976"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01206-7"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref154","unstructured":"154 Le Roy, J . Integrating Mental Health into the Primary Health Care System of Afghanistan. External Evaluation Report of the Mental Health Programme of HealthNet TPO in Afghanistan (ASIE\/2004\/097-608). HealthNet TPO, 2008 (https:\/\/app.mhpss.net\/?get=402\/af68ec-123108-final-report-external-evaluation.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_64_18","article-title":"From the editors\u2026 An introduction to a Special Issue: a focus on mental health and psychosocial support in Afghanistan","volume":"16","author":"Bragin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref129","volume-title":"The Performance of Emotion among Paxtun Women: \u2018The Misfortunes which Have Befallen Me\u2019","author":"Grima","year":"1993"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0109-z"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702612454613"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_60_18","article-title":"Mental disorder or emotional distress? How psychiatric surveys in Afghanistan ignore the role of gender, culture and context","volume":"16","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.877934"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S1749367600005087"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9861-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref195","volume-title":"Addressing Afghan Children's Psychosocial Needs in the Classroom: A Case Study of a Training for Trainers Peshawar, Pakistan","author":"Omidian","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref170","volume-title":"Mental Health in Afghanistan: Burden, Challenges and the Way Forward","author":"Sayed","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S1749367600003192"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.786210"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref167","unstructured":"167 HealthNet TPO. Supporting Mental Health in Afghanistan. HealthNet TPO, 2021 (https:\/\/www.healthnettpo.org\/en\/news\/supporting-mental-health-afghanistan)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111137"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211051398"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref12","volume-title":"Humanitarian Needs Overview Afghanistan. Humanitarian Programme Cycle 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/9781565493179-004","volume-title":"A World Turned Upside Down: Social Ecological Approaches to Children in War Zones","author":"Kostelny","year":"2006"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/154099903768248285"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_54_18","article-title":"Developing a culturally relevant counselling psychology degree programme in Afghanistan: results from a DACUM study","volume":"16","author":"Bragin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2006.09.005"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref199","volume-title":"After the Taliban: A Child-Focused Assessment in the Northern Afghan Provinces of Kunduz, Takhar, and Badakshan","author":"Wessells","year":"2002"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1739247"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0003-5"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18981"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-017-0157-z"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.5.626"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref166","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Development Efforts in Afghanistan: Is There a Will and a Way? The Case of Disability and Vulnerability","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872814527631"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref88","first-page":"23","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity among Afghan refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Naeem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2017.04.01"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010025"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0b013e328355eb2d"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2018.1556764"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref27","first-page":"90","article-title":"Depression and PTSD in Pashtun women in Kandahar, Afghanistan","volume":"3","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci)"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031896"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_33_18","article-title":"Examining help-seeking patterns within modern and traditional resources for support in Afghanistan","volume":"16","author":"Alemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref159","volume-title":"Basic Package of Health Services 2009\/1388","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0006.205"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22615"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103689"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref18","volume-title":"Assessing Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs and Resources: Toolkit for Humanitarian Settings","year":"2012"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_37_18","article-title":"The efficacy of memory specificity training in improving symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in bereaved Afghan adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref230","volume-title":"Professional Package for Psychosocial Counsellors for Mental Health Working in the BPHS in Afghanistan","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100548"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref64","volume-title":"The Other Side of Gender Inequality: Men and Masculinities in Afghanistan","author":"Echavez","year":"2016"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000346"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.26719\/1999.5.2.373","article-title":"Mental health manpower development in Afghanistan: a report on a training course for primary health care physicians","volume":"5","author":"Mohit","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref75","volume-title":"Drug Situation in Afghanistan 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref4","volume-title":"Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban","author":"Tanner","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref14","volume-title":"Supporting the Integration of Mental Health into the Public Health Care System in Afghanistan by Qualifying Health Professionals and Training a Pool of National Mental Health Trainers","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-022-00403-8"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20415"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6375-7_5"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108475"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872820969781"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447-014-9208-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref200","volume-title":"Assessing Afghan Children's Psychosocial Well-being: A Multimodal Study of Intervention Outcomes.","author":"Loughry","year":"2005"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref162","volume-title":"National Mental Health Strategy 2019- 2023","year":"2018"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref30","volume-title":"\u2018We Are Drowning\u2019: Mental Health And Psychosocial Needs Study in the Four Eastern Provinces Of Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar and Nuristan","author":"van der Walt","year":"2022"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref97","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Veel psychiatrische stoornissen bij Afghaanse vluchtelingen met verblijfsstatus in Drenthe, met name depressieve stoornis en posttraumatische stresstoornis. [Many psychiatric disorders in Afghan refugees with residential status in Drenthe, especially depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"146","author":"Gernaat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref184","first-page":"329","article-title":"Associations of treatment completion against drug addiction with motivational interviewing and related factors in Afghanistan","volume":"80","author":"Rasekh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref204","unstructured":"204 Mehta, M . Evaluation for PARSA's Higher Education Psychosocial training. Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Support for Afghanistan. PARSA, 2009 (https:\/\/app.mhpss.net\/?get=402\/2009_parsa_evaluation.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.03.023"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref202","first-page":"152","article-title":"A community based approach to focusing: the Islam and Focusing Project of Afghanistan","volume":"20","author":"Omidian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folio"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref141","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Access to care for mental health problems in Afghanistan: a national challenge","volume":"11","author":"Kovess-Masfety","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-206"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2002.90.1.262"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615211059684"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157923"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11816-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref72","volume-title":"Drug Use in Afghanistan: 2009 Survey","year":"2010"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0b013e3283563fbc"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fem005"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001225"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref207","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluating psychosocial group counselling with Afghan women: is this a useful intervention?","volume":"19","author":"Manneschmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002208"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.5.449"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.05.004"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45278-0_4"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_31_18","article-title":"Active coping with trauma and domestic violence: how Afghan women survive","volume":"16","author":"Oriya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08701-w"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_15_18","article-title":"Value-based counselling: reflections on fourteen years of psychosocial support in Afghanistan","volume":"16","author":"Missmahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.4.423"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental health care reform in Afghanistan","volume":"14","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10402659.2011.548251"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01800.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0161-8"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref11","volume-title":"Afghanistan Humanitarian Response Plan. Humanitarian Programme Cycle 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7543.718"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref234","volume-title":"When Bamboo Bloom. An Anthropologist in Taliban's Afghanistan","author":"Omidian","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref231","volume-title":"Cultural and Contextual Adaptation of Problem Management Plus for Afghan Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece","author":"Perera","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-148"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref15","volume-title":"Afghanistan. Building Back Better: Sustainable Mental Health Care after Emergencies","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.916735"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(12)75712-7"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0801340"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461508100785"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref177","first-page":"43","article-title":"Implementation of WHO quality rights assessment in Kabul Mental Health Hospital","volume":"48","author":"Parwiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Assoc Psychosoc Rehab Bull"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref232","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Modern Perspectives of the Refugee Issue: Views and Perspectives","author":"Lavdas","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-016-9514-7"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref8","unstructured":"8 Maizland, L . The Taliban in Afghanistan. Council on Foreign Relations, 2021 (https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/taliban-afghanistan)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00709-0"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref52","volume-title":"Glimpses of Hope in the Shadow of War: The Afghan Youth Project. A Report on Selected Research Results and Policy Implications","author":"Langer","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0143659022000028549"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033658"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12350"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.01.004"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref155","volume-title":"A Basic Package of Health Services for Afghanistan 2003\/1382","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.5271"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00131-8"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref217","first-page":"e74459","article-title":"The effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management on symptoms of grief and post-traumatic stress disorder among Afghani migrant bereaved adolescent girls","volume":"17","author":"Behrouz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref156","volume-title":"Mental Health Act of Afghanistan","year":"1997"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-020-00311-y"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-018-0172-y"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640211036169"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref160","volume-title":"National Mental Health Strategy 2011\u20132015","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62613-6_4"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461516660937"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-021-01143-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref77","volume-title":"Afghanistan MHPSS Needs Assessment Report Balkh, Nangarhar, Laghman and Kunar Provinces May 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref59","volume-title":"Over zwijgen gesproken: een medisch antropologische studie onder vluchtelingenvrouwen in Nederland, afkomstig uit Afghanistan, Bosni\u00eb-Herzegovina en Zuid-Soedan, naar het omgaan met ervaringen van aan oorlog gerelateerd seksueel geweld","author":"Tankink","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0b013e3283598e93"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref29","first-page":"81","article-title":"War trauma, psychological distress, and coping among Afghan civilians seeking primary health care","volume":"6","author":"Wildt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Perspect Psychol"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2820-3_29"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14507\/epaa.v21n68.2013"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.022"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref118","volume-title":"The Children of Kabul: Discussions with Afghan Families","author":"De Berry","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0b013e32832ff48e"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_57_18","article-title":"Towards an Afghan counselling psychology: a partnership to integrate psychological counselling into the university curriculum at Afghanistan's flagship public universities","volume":"16","author":"Bragin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref201","unstructured":"201 Displaced Children and Orphans Fund, United States Agency for International Development. Internal Evaluation Integrated Consortium Report. NGO Consortium for the Psychosocial Care and Protection of Children. Child Fund Afghanistan, Save the Children USA, International Rescue Committee, 2007 (https:\/\/app.mhpss.net\/?get=402\/consortium-internal-evaluation-report-sep-2007.doc.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref175","volume-title":"Afghanistan Health Profile 2015","year":"2015"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.5.575"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref9","unstructured":"9 Council on Foreign Relations. The U.S. War in Afghanistan, 1999\u20132021. Council on Foreign Relations, 2022 (https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/timeline\/us-war-afghanistan)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.19.021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461512475025"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019394599701900108"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref189","volume-title":"Children in Conflict: Afghanistan. Assessment of CCF's Emergency Entry Program into Afghanistan: Its Impact on Child Well-Being and Protection","author":"Snider","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref54","volume-title":"Urban Displaced Youth in Kabul \u2013 Part 1. Mental Health Also Matters","year":"2016"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20955"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-6-29"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref76","volume-title":"Study on Substance Use and Health among Youth in Afghanistan 2018","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/ijptsud.v1i1.5908"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref176","volume-title":"Kabul Mental Health Hospital Mental Health Guidelines"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12296"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref158","volume-title":"Essential Package of Hospital Services for Afghanistan 2005\/1384","year":"2005"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2011.00778.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094530"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.826633"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref179","volume-title":"Afghanistan National Health Accounts with Disease Accounts, 2017","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-022-00455-z"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref10","volume-title":"Afghanistan. Human Development Report 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-012-9262-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2005.14.285"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.011"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22035"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref47","volume-title":"Crafting Masculine Selves: Culture, War, and Psychodynamics in Afghanistan","author":"Chiovenda","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref233","unstructured":"233 Huber, MS , Zupancic, M , Huber, K . Endline Evaluation of \u2018Empowerment for Afghan Women through Psychosocial Counseling and Capacity Building\u2019 and \u2018Community-Based Trauma-Sensitive Support for Afghan Women in Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif\u2019 Projects. Medica Mondiale, 2016 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/endline-evaluation-medica-afghanistan-s-psychosocial-health-program)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1648-4"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.65.2.d"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.01.006"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/praa.18.1.j3m357l793121451"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref45","volume-title":"Mental Health Assessment, Ghurian and Zendah Jan Districts, Herat Province, Afghanistan","author":"de Jong","year":"1999"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/rsq\/15.2.1-b","article-title":"Afghanistan: the forgotten crisis","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Refugee Surv Q"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00382-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318266f860"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21048"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01875-y"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61080-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12167"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196822"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref140","first-page":"58","article-title":"Mental health of Afghan refugees in Pakistan: a qualitative rapid reconnaissance field study","volume":"4","author":"Kassam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.001"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref178","unstructured":"178 World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. WHO, 2019 (http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.MHHR?lang=en2019)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-017-0123-z"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref157","unstructured":"157 HealthNet TPO and Ministry of Health. Mental Health in Primary Health Care. Diagnosis and Treatment of Priority Mental Health Conditions in Afghanistan's Basic Package of Health Services. Ministry of Health, Transitional Islamic Government of Afghanistan and United States Agency for International Development, 2005 (https:\/\/app.mhpss.net\/?get=69\/mental-health-in-primary-health-care-afghanistan-2005-full.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref135","volume-title":"Borderlands of mental health: explorations in medical anthropology, psychiatric epidemiology and health systems research in Afghanistan and Burundi","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2016"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S1749367600001594"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref5","volume-title":"The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System","author":"Rubin","year":"2002"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.573"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2382951"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12957"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134-013-0296-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0344-z"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20797"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/INTV.INTV_39_18","article-title":"Participatory lived experience research: barriers and enablers for social inclusion for people with psychosocial disability, in Afghanistan","volume":"16","author":"Allan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8560835"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17542863.2015.1006647"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-5-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref145","first-page":"271","article-title":"Health issues of Afghan refugees in California","volume":"157","author":"Lipson","year":"1992","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812291698-003"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0218-9"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref152","first-page":"43","article-title":"Developing basic mental health modules for health care workers in Afghanistan","volume":"2","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref171","volume-title":"Restoring Balance: The Mutual Reinforcement of Mental Well-being, Peace and Economic Stability (Report of National Mental Health Symposium, March 2019)","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref44","first-page":"17","article-title":"Addressing the psychosocial needs of women in Afghanistan","volume":"4","author":"Omidian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Half"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-016-0089-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref197","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Advances in Psychological and Social Support after Disasters","author":"Ventevogel","year":"2006"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2068913"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv061"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0016-2"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2014.929916"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref191","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Years of Conflict: Adolescence, Political Violence and Displacement","author":"De Berry","year":"2008"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2728"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00407-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70290-6"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref103","volume-title":"Doctorate of Nursing Science","author":"Brown","year":"2018"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-019-00518-1"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10147-006"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.02.007"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22899"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref228","first-page":"39","article-title":"Value-based counseling","volume":"9","author":"Missmahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother Wiss"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref205","unstructured":"205 International Organization for Migration (IOM). From Anxiety to Hope: Psychosocial Services Provide Relief for Displaced Afghan Women. IOM, 2021 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/anxiety-hope-psychosocial-services-provide-relief-displaced-afghan-women)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref174","volume-title":"WHO-AIMS Report on the Mental Health System in Afghanistan Kabul","year":"2006"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref206","unstructured":"206 United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Afghanistan \u2013 Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #5, Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 (March 31, 2022). USAID, 2022 (https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2022-01-11_USG_Afghanistan_Complex_Emergency_Fact_Sheet_3.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192768"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref203","volume-title":"Focusing in Afghanistan. Explorative Untersuchung einer Coping-Strategie f\u00fcr traumatisierte Communities [Focusing in Afghanistan. An Exploratory Study of a Coping Strategy for Traumatised Communities.] Diplomarbeit [Masters thesis]","author":"Frohb\u00f6se","year":"2010"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref63","volume-title":"Women, Peace, and Security Index 2021\/22: Tracking Sustainable Peace through Inclusion, Justice, and Security for Women","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref168","volume-title":"MhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders in Non-Specialized Health Settings: Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP)","year":"2010"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref182","volume-title":"Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centers and Services Needs Assessment","year":"2022"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/intv.intv_13_21"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13622"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.5.585"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-14"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref223","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effectiveness of quality of life therapy on subjective well-being of Afghan women","volume":"3","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Innov Res Sci Stud"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2068911"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref188","volume-title":"Lost and Found: Addressing the Needs of Young People Affected by the Conflict in Afghanistan: Needs Assessment and Program Recommendations","author":"Bragin","year":"2002"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03273-4"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0065-7"},{"key":"S2056472423005021_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.024"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472423005021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T22:11:16Z","timestamp":1729721476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472423005021\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472423005021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2023.502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e125"}}