{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:18:57Z","timestamp":1762273137951,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST11872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST11872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013700\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013700\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01-ES-75558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-ES-75558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["288083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UO1 NS 047537-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1 NS 047537-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UO1 NS 047537-06A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1 NS 047537-06A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220382\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220382\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005549_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Several longitudinal studies have cast doubt on the aetiological overlap between child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, a lack of genetically sensitive data following children across adulthood precludes direct evaluation of aetiological overlap between child and adult ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005549_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We circumvent the existing gap in longitudinal data by exploring genetic overlap between maternal (adult) and offspring (child) ADHD and comorbid symptoms in an extended family cohort.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005549_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study, a Norwegian birth registry cohort of 114 500 children and their parents. Medical Birth Registry of Norway data were used to link extended families. Mothers self-reported their own ADHD symptoms when children were aged 3 years; reported children's ADHD symptoms at age 5 years; and children's ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms at age 8 years. Genetic correlations were derived from Multiple-Children-of-Twins-and-Siblings and extended bivariate twin models.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005549_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Phenotypic correlations between adult ADHD symptoms and child ADHD, ODD, conduct disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms at age 8 years were underpinned by medium-to-large genetic correlations (child ADHD: <jats:italic>r<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 0.55, 95% CI 0.43\u22120.93; ODD: <jats:italic>r<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 0.80, 95% CI 0.46\u22121; conduct disorder: <jats:italic>r<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 0.44, 95% CI 0.28\u22121; anxiety: <jats:italic>r<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 0.72, 95% CI 0.48\u22121; depression: <jats:italic>r<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 1, 95% CI 0.66\u22121). These cross-generational adult\u2013child genetic correlations were of a comparable magnitude to equivalent child\u2013child genetic correlations with ADHD symptoms at age 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005549_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our findings provide genetically sensitive evidence that ADHD symptoms in adulthood share a common genetic architecture with symptoms of ADHD and four comorbid disorders at age 8 years. These findings suggest that in the majority of cases, ADHD symptoms in adulthood are not aetiologically distinct from in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T08:59:57Z","timestamp":1693990797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing aetiological overlap between child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an extended family design"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Wechsler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fruhling 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Maternal ADHD symptoms and maternal ratings of child ADHD symptoms: are more inattentive mothers less accurate? Master's thesis Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2009."}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472423005549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T09:00:03Z","timestamp":1693990803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472423005549\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472423005549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2023.554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2056-4724"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e169"}}