{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:12:02Z","timestamp":1784056322397,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098330\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098330\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R024901\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R024901\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S005145\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S005145\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S011277\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S011277\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001262","name":"Baily Thomas Charitable Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRUST\/RNA\/AC\/KW\/3111\/5776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRUST\/RNA\/AC\/KW\/3111\/5776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005902_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and Alzheimer's disease. In the general population, common mental disorders (CMDs), including anxiety, depression and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, are linked to cognitive decline and higher risk for dementia. It is not known how CMDs affect longer-term cognitive outcomes in Down syndrome, and there is often diagnostic uncertainty in older people with Down syndrome and psychiatric comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005902_sec_a2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To study the influence of CMDs on cognitive ability and whether they are related longitudinally to development of clinical signs of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005902_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We followed 115 individuals with Down syndrome, 27 of whom were diagnosed with a CMD, over approximately 3 years. Changes in cognitive and behavioural outcomes between baseline and follow-up assessment were analysed, with comparisons made between those with and without a comorbid CMD. Age, gender, apolipoprotein E status and level of intellectual disability were included as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005902_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>No significant association between presence of a CMD and poorer performance on cognitive tasks or informant-rated decline over time was observed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005902_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our results suggest that a diagnosis of a CMD does not have a significant negative effect on long-term cognitive or behavioural outcomes in individuals with Down syndrome. In individuals with stable or treated CMD, subsequent cognitive decline is likely indicative of Alzheimer's disease rather than a consequence of mental disorder.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T07:00:33Z","timestamp":1698994833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Common mental health disorders and cognitive decline in a longitudinal Down syndrome cohort"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Idris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedal","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Asaad","family":"Baksh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Stephanie","family":"Cahart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2502-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Strydom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9306-9"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3983"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(01)00072-5"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106735"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.03.006"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref26","unstructured":"26 R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Core, 2021."},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref36","article-title":"Does duloxetine improve cognitive function independently of its antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder and subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction?","volume":"2014","author":"Greer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Res Treat"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.15.8"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.530"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref22","volume-title":"Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test\u2013Second Edition (KBIT-2)","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-014-0236-7"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(1998)103<0130:DIAWDS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jppi.12156"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12222"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.044974"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466599162719"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00600.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.11.004"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.028845"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1893"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00057-9"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.05.015"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0263-x"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170920"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264318813019"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-115.4.265"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.900"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199207000-00012"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.00985.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref3","volume-title":"Mental Health and Wellbeing in England: The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014","author":"McManus","year":"2016"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2005.00735.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92887-5"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.6.568"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref28","first-page":"502","article-title":"Depression and the onset of dementia in adults with mental retardation","volume":"96","author":"Burt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retardation"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082","article-title":"Specific impairments of planning","volume":"298","author":"Shallice","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.009"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000710"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref2","unstructured":"2 National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Common Mental Health Disorders: The NICE Guideline on Identification and Pathways to Care (NICE Clinical Guidelines No. 123). British Psychological Society\/Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2011."},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reports.313"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.9961.1"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9369-5"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.013"},{"key":"S2056472423005902_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000546"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472423005902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1698994841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472423005902\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472423005902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2023.590","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e206"}}