{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:15:20Z","timestamp":1791936920173,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005987_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Natural disasters have a significant impact on the mental health of affected populations. The February 2023 earthquakes in Syria and Turkey caused widespread devastation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005987_sec_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the mental health impact of the earthquakes in Syria on the population across areas differentially damaged by the disaster.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005987_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study conducted in Syria included 1406 adults recruited via social media platforms 1 month after the February 2023 earthquakes. Demographic information, earthquake exposure questions, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5: for probable post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9: for probable depression) and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7: for probable anxiety) were included to compare outcomes across areas severely, moderately and slightly damaged by the earthquakes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005987_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Probable PTSD and GAD rates were higher in the severely (57.9 and 57.3% respectively) and moderately damaged regions (55.4 and 56.3% respectively) than in the slightly damaged regions (44.6 and 48.3% respectively) (PTSD:\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001, GAD:\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005). More participants in severely damaged regions (60.6%) reported symptoms of depression compared with moderately (53.1%) and slightly damaged (50.8%) regions (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). Poorer mental health outcomes were associated with being female, single, younger, having a damaged or destroyed house, seeing something tragic in person and hearing tragic stories. Seeing something tragic on social media was not statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472423005987_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the higher prevalence of probable mental disorders in areas with more severe earthquake damage, with over 50% of the population reporting probable PTSD, depression or anxiety. The study also suggests a significant cumulative effect of these earthquakes on an already trauma- and disaster-affected population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T02:03:03Z","timestamp":1701396183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The mental health impact of the 2023 earthquakes on the Syrian population: cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3758-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jameel","family":"Soqia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ghareeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana","family":"Hadakie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinda","family":"Alsamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-1605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenda","family":"Jawich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Al-Homsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3949-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameer","family":"Kakaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2021.16"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref12","unstructured":"12 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. North-West Syria: Situation Report. OCHA, 2023 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/north-west-syria-situation-report-7-april-2023-enar [updated 7 Apr 2023])."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001353"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.10.046"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00190-6"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-03002-3"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2016.1155926"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.585235"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0107-6"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref13","unstructured":"13 UNHCR. Whole of Syria: Earthquake Emergency Response (29 March 2023). UNHCR, 2023 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/attachments\/0887a5c1-94b6-400b-b472-bb72c780c140\/Whole%20of%20Syria%20Earthquake%20Emergency%20Response%20-%20Update%207.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.030"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02759-x"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.05.030"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref8","unstructured":"8 British Red Cross. The latest news on the earthquakes in T\u00fcrkiye (Turkey) and Syria. British Red Cross, 2023 (https:\/\/www.redcross.org.uk\/stories\/disasters-and-emergencies\/world\/turkey-syria-earthquake [updated 4 Aug 2023])."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00467"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref20","unstructured":"20 Weathers, FW , Litz, BT , Keane, TM , Palmieri, PA , Marx, BP , Schnurr, PP . The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD, 2013 (www.ptsd.va.gov)."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref9","unstructured":"9 UNHCR. UNHCR Syria Emergency Response to Earthquake: Flash Update #5. UNHCR, 2023 (https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/details\/98707 [updated 10 Feb 2023])."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref11","unstructured":"11 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Flash Appeal: Syrian Arab Republic Earthquake. OCHA, 2023 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/flash-appeal-syrian-arab-republic-earthquake-february-may-2023-enar)."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01713"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417714337"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161645"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00320-3"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref15","unstructured":"15 Gunasekera, R , Ishizawa Escudero, O , Daniell, J , Pomonis, A , Macabuag, J , Brand, J , et al. Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report : Mw 7.8 T\u00fcrkiye-Syria Earthquake \u2013 Assessment of the Impact on Syria (as of February 20, 2023). World Bank Group, 2023 (http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099084502282328299\/P1721710045bd103f089f109cfbcb15aa2b)."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.210"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2021.2005440"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09928-5"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.10.006"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref22","article-title":"Accuracy of patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.03.005"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00786.x"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref10","unstructured":"10 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Syrian Arab Republic \u2013 Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) Coordinated Response Flash Update #4 \u2013 Earthquake (as of 09 February 2023). OCHA, 2023 (https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/syrian-arab-republic-humanitarian-country-team-hct-coordinated-response-flash-update-4-earthquake-09-february-2023)."},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093"},{"key":"S2056472423005987_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1839-z"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472423005987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1701396188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472423005987\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472423005987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2023.598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e1"}}