{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:54:28Z","timestamp":1792594468184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100200164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100200164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001036","name":"Australian Rotary Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012698","name":"Jack Brockhoff Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472424000036_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although much is known about psychopathology such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression following bushfire (also known as wildfire), little is known about prevalence, trajectory and impacts for those experiencing general adjustment difficulties following exposure to these now-common events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472424000036_sec_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an exploratory analysis of a large cohort study that examined the prevalence, trajectory and risk factors of probable adjustment disorder over a 10-year period following bushfire exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472424000036_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Beyond Bushfires study assessed individuals exposed to a large and deadly bushfire across three time points spanning 10 years. Self-report survey data from participants from areas with moderate and high levels of fire-affectedness were analysed:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 802 participants at Wave 1 (3\u20134 years post-fires),\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 596 at Wave 2 (5 years post-fires) and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 436 at Wave 3 (10 years post-fires). Surveys indexed fire-related experiences and post-fire stressors, and comprised the six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (probable adjustment disorder index), four-item Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (probable fire-related PTSD) and nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (probable major depressive episode).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472424000036_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence of probable adjustment disorder was 16% (Wave 1), 15% (Wave 2) and 19% (Wave 3). Probable adjustment disorder at 3\u20134 years post-fires predicted a five-fold increase in risk for escalating to severe psychiatric disorder (i.e. probable fire-related PTSD\/major depressive episode) at 10 years post-fires, and was associated with post-fire income and relationship stressors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472424000036_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjustment difficulties are prevalent post-disaster, many of which are maintained and exacerbated over time, resulting in increased risk for later disorder and adaptation difficulties. Psychosocial interventions supporting survivors with adjustment difficulties may prevent progression to more severe disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T03:55:18Z","timestamp":1709524518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Trajectory of adjustment difficulties following disaster: 10-year longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Belinda J.","family":"Pacella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Cowlishaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9607-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Molyneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-1605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meaghan L.","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.11.018","article-title":"Factors associated with PTSD and partial PTSD among first responders following the Paris terror attacks in November 2015","volume":"121","author":"Motreff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.35900","article-title":"Does 'subthreshold' posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance?","volume":"43","author":"Zlotnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m12881","article-title":"The burden of subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in World Trade Center responders in the second decade after 9\/11","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142537","article-title":"Adjustment disorder: current developments and future directions","volume":"16","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.210","article-title":"Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"Beaglehole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472424000036_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007768830246","article-title":"What parts of PTSD are normal: intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? 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