{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:36:36Z","timestamp":1759365396489,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425107783_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) has been validated across various settings and health conditions. However, few studies have evaluated the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) among individuals with mental health conditions.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425107783_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 in populations with depression, anxiety and psychosis from seven LMICs.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425107783_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Secondary analyses were carried out using existing longitudinal data-sets in adult populations with depression, anxiety and psychosis across Brazil, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Nigeria, Peru and South Africa. Reliability, validity and responsiveness to change of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 were examined.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425107783_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The 12-item WHODAS-2.0 was acceptably one-dimensional for all data-sets at baseline, with model-fit indices ranging from moderate to excellent. Internal consistency of the measure was found to be high across settings (Cronbach\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> = 0.83\u22120.97). Weak to moderate correlations with measures of symptom severity were found across all countries, except India. Moderate to strong correlations were observed with measures of functioning\/quality of life across all countries, except Nigeria and Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n\t    <jats:p>Internal responsiveness to change was large in five out of seven studies, except both Ethiopian studies. However, external responsiveness to change exhibited variability, with weak to moderate correlations between change in WHODAS 2.0 and symptom scores across all countries.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425107783_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The 12-item WHODAS 2.0 generally showed acceptable psychometric properties across different settings and mental health conditions. However, high variability was observed in convergent validity and external responsiveness to change, which warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:16:53Z","timestamp":1759303013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the reliability and validity of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 among people with mental health conditions in seven low- and middle-income countries: analysis of secondary data"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awoke","family":"Mihretu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Aleyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Economist Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Schmider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Economist Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University"},{"name":"University of Edinburgh"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crick","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"},{"name":"University of Cape Town"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Economist Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kassahun","family":"Habtamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref15","first-page":"315","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the 12-item self-administered World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Wada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7497"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.299"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720981200"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30191-7"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.61"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1191-x"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.05.008"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.088"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.067231"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.720","article-title":"The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression","volume":"150","author":"Coryell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03101-9"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.579173"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref19","first-page":"248","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) in Turkish psychiatry patients and healthy controls","volume":"29","author":"Aslan Kunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref37","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"2019"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0418-9"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1223177"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref41","first-page":"173","article-title":"DSM-5 and the assessment of functioning: the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)","volume":"42","author":"Gold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref42","volume-title":"Common Measures for Mental Health Science Laying the Foundations","author":"Farber","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103466"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00139-6"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref5","volume-title":"Disability and Culture: Universalism and Diversity","author":"Ustun","year":"2001"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0647-3"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12154"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4348"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109671"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294908"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref17","first-page":"38","article-title":"Psychometric properties and informant agreement of the WHODAS 2.0 in youth with mental disorder","volume":"32","author":"McDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002716"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9566-z"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00037"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30634-6"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2016.7"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-45"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02474-w"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1022-3"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31589-6"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-1003-0"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"S2056472425107783_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0763-3"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472425107783","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:16:55Z","timestamp":1759303015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472425107783\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472425107783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2025.10778","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Wellcome Trust Limited (as trustee of the Wellcome Trust), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e231"}}