{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1791407392513,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108545_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Ketamine is a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but further research is required to extend early findings.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108545_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To determine the short-term efficacy and tolerability of intramuscular (i.m.) ketamine compared with i.m. fentanyl for treatment-resistant PTSD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108545_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We completed a randomised double-blind psychoactive-controlled study with single doses of i.m. racemic ketamine 0.5 mg\/kg or 1.0 mg\/kg or i.m. fentanyl 50 \u03bcg (psychoactive control). Eligible participants were aged between 18 and 50 years old and had treatment-refractory PTSD. The primary efficacy measure was the Impact of Events Scale \u2013 Revised (IESR), and tolerability was measured with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale. Analysis of variance with dose and time as repeated measures was used to assess the effects of drug treatment on total IESR and Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale scores.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108545_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Thirty-three participants completed the study (26 females, mean age 34.5 years). Ketamine, particularly at 1 mg\/kg, was associated with substantially reduced IESR ratings, with some effect remaining after 1 week. Ketamine was also associated with short-term dissociative and cardiovascular effects.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108545_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We provide preliminary support for the efficacy and tolerability of i.m. ketamine in a community sample of individuals with PTSD. Further work is required to establish the optimal dosing regimen and longer-term role of ketamine in treatment of PTSD, but our findings are encouraging given the well-known of treatments in this area.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1759302254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ketamine for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder: double-blind active-controlled randomised crossover study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Beaglehole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of 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