{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1791612311394,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108788_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Financial strain is increasingly recognised as a contributor to psychological distress, which may in turn elevate the risk of developing mental disorder. However, few large-scale longitudinal studies have investigated its predictive role using diagnostic outcomes among higher education students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108788_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether financial strain predicts a major depressive episode (MDE) one year later among Norwegian students, and whether associations are explained by sociodemographic factors or baseline psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108788_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were drawn from the national Students\u2019 Health and Wellbeing Study 2022 (SHoT2022) survey (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 53 362), with a diagnostic follow-up one year later (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 460) using the self-administered Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 5.0 (CIDI 5.0). Inverse probability weighted Poisson regression with robust standard errors estimated the risk of 30-day DSM-5-defined MDE for each financial indicator.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108788_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Financial strain was widespread: 6% reported frequent financial difficulties, 27% were unable to cover an emergency expense of 5000 Norwegian kroner (NOK; approximately \u20ac450\/$500, and 35% spent 60% or more of their income on housing. Several indicators significantly predicted later MDE. Students frequently experiencing financial difficulties had a 3.55-fold increased risk (95% CI:2.97\u20134.22), attenuating to 1.53 (1.28\u20131.83) after full adjustment. Similar patterns emerged for most indicators. Associations were largely unaffected by sociodemographic adjustment, but were substantially reduced after accounting for baseline psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108788_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Financial strain was associated with increased risk of MDE one year later, although much of the association was explained by baseline distress. Policies should address both financial and psychological vulnerabilities through strengthened financial support, alignment with living costs and targeted measures such as financial counselling and housing assistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:18:52Z","timestamp":1761297532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The association between financial strain, psychological distress and subsequent depression: findings from a Norwegian national study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rge","family":"Sivertsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health"},{"name":"Helse Fonna HF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Hysing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tormod","family":"B\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00402-5"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001727"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2019.1626393"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.016"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.196"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref41","volume-title":"Norway: Tuition Fees and Cost of Living","author":"Civinini","year":"2025"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S004727940500913X"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003350"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2909"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0214"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.4"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.743158"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.13275"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024487"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.01.009"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350506809341512"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2020.200196"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830190102"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref22","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision","year":"1992"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0707519"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211060115"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31827ab077"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref42","first-page":"100216","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, life satisfaction and mental health among Norwegian college and university students","volume":"10","author":"Saether","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264041"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212154"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref27","volume-title":"Applied Survey Data Analysis","author":"Heeringa","year":"2017"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.09.009"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref33","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 30.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv003"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025200"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2024.2332812"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref26","volume-title":"Project Protocol: Diagnostic Survey of Mental and Substance Use Disorders in HUNT (PsykHUNT)","author":"Knudsen","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101452"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00050067.2010.482109"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032619"},{"key":"S2056472425108788_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472425108788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:18:53Z","timestamp":1761297533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472425108788\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472425108788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2025.10878","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e254"}}