{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:02:05Z","timestamp":1785416525904,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108831_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of pandemic-related restrictions on people in prisons who tend to have multiple complex health needs are not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108831_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to measure changes in adjudications and self-harm among people in prisons before and during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108831_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined effects of time and demographic characteristics on odds and counts of adjudications and self-harm over a three-year period, starting one year before the COVID-19 pandemic, in 861 individuals from 21 Offender Personality Disorder Pathway prison sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108831_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The odds of adjudicating were lower in people of older age (odds ratio 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96\u20130.99)), and during COVID-19 year one (odds ratio 0.37 (95% CI: 0.23\u20130.60)) and year two (odds ratio 0.40 (95% CI: 0.25\u20130.65)) compared to pre-COVID-19. Being of White ethnicity was associated with increased odds (odds ratio 4.42 (95% CI: 2.06\u20139.47)) and being older was associated with reduced odds (odds ratio 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95\u20130.99)) of self-harm. The odds of self-harm were significantly reduced during COVID-19 year two (odds ratio 0.45 (95% CI: 0.26\u20130.78)), but not during COVID-19 year one (odds ratio 0.68 (95% CI: 0.40\u20131.14)), compared with the 12 months before COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425108831_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although adjudications and self-harm were generally lower during the pandemic, younger people showed increased odds of adjudications and self-harm compared with older people, while White people showed increased odds of self-harm compared with people of the global majority. Our findings highlight the importance of considering potential health inequities and environmental effects of lockdowns for people in prisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:15:48Z","timestamp":1762251348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adjudications and self-harm in prisons during COVID-19: three-year longitudinal analysis of the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7789-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liverpool"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool John Moores University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Broome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053fq8t95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Swansea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Tonkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leicester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5129-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisling","family":"O\u2019Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Justice"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Justice"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Dagnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadd","family":"Maruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liverpool"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053fq8t95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Swansea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.098"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30241-8"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref10","unstructured":"10 Ministry of Justice. Prisons Data: Safety and Order, 2024 (https:\/\/data.justice.gov.uk\/prisons\/safety-and-order#table-tab-self-harm-rate)."},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3761"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/722434"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.2.123"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.5.403"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref22","volume-title":"Safety in Custody: Quarterly Update to March 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref11","unstructured":"11 Her Majesty\u2019s Prison and Probation Service. COVID-19 Operational Guidance \u2013 Exceptional Regime & Service Delivery (Version 3.0). HMPPS, 2020 (https:\/\/howardleague.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1.-Exceptional-regime-and-service-delivery-27.03.20_Redacted.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref19","unstructured":"19 Race and Equalities Action Group, National Offender Management Service. Race Review 2008: Implementing Race Equality in Prisons \u2013 Five\u00a0Years on 2008. Ministry of Justice, 2008: 37 (https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5a7c8e82e5274a7b7e3213ba\/1000439crace_review_part_1.pdf)."},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394260669.ch22"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1835"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36267-9"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00091-2"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref20","unstructured":"20 HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. Aggregate Report on Short Scrutiny Visits. 21 April\u20137 July 2020. Her Majesty\u2019s Inspectorate of Prisons, 2020 (https:\/\/hmiprisons.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk\/hmipris_reports\/short-scrutiny-visits\/)."},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30190-5"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30308-4"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01220.x"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30142-0"},{"key":"S2056472425108831_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472425108831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:15:50Z","timestamp":1762251350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472425108831\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472425108831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2025.10883","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21428\/cb6ab371.09e1fc3b","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e267"}}