{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:44:53Z","timestamp":1787021093414,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109368_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) may coexist in children and adolescents and present with several overlapping features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109368_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to assess the prevalence of ASD traits and diagnosis in children and adolescents with OCD, explore the correlation between OCD severity and ASD traits\/diagnosis, and examine the impact of ASD traits\/diagnosis on global functioning in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109368_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic searches were carried out on Pubmed, Embase and PsycINFO, using selected keywords and specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed with R Version 4.3.1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109368_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1410 studies initially identified, 29 reported on the prevalence of ASD traits or diagnosis. Pooled mean prevalence rate was 8.0% (95% CI 5.0\u201313%). ASD questionnaire scores were higher in OCD versus control groups (standardised mean difference: 1.23; 95% CI 0.76\u20131.69). There was limited significant correlation between ASD questionnaire scores and OCD questionnaire scores, and no significant differences in these scores were demonstrated between OCD samples and samples diagnosed with comorbid OCD and ASD (mean difference \u22120.41; 95% CI \u22121.23 to 0.40). Functional impairment appeared elevated with ASD traits\/diagnosis in OCD, but meta-analysis feasibility was limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109368_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review indicates higher ASD traits and diagnosis in children and adolescents with OCD compared with the general population. Limited data and methodological constraints in trials limit generalisability, warranting further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:11:32Z","timestamp":1768540292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The prevalence of autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Tiley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015803449","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Lampropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Thessaly"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6943-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myrto","family":"Samara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Thessaly"},{"name":"Technical University of Munich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinos","family":"Kyriakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015803449","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gnjpq42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220mzb33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03982-6","article-title":"Brief report: an evaluation of the social communication questionnaire as a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in young people referred to child and adolescent mental health services","volume":"49","author":"Hollocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600674103","article-title":"Failing to deactivate: resting functional abnormalities in autism","volume":"103","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.012","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive and spectrum disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Geller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref28","volume-title":"National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007 (Cat. No. 4326.0)","year":"2008"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0158-2","article-title":"Repetitive behaviour in children with high functioning autism and obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Zandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2016.06.002","article-title":"Severe pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder and co-morbid autistic symptoms: effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Wolters","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0286-z","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of a parent-rating and self-rating inventory for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: German OCD Inventory for Children and Adolescents (OCD-CA)","volume":"13","author":"Adam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-011-9247-z","article-title":"Phenomenology of comorbid autism spectrum and obsessive-compulsive disorders among children","volume":"23","author":"Lewin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.06.006","article-title":"Clinical correlates of obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid autism spectrum disorder in youth","volume":"14","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22396","article-title":"Modified cognitive behavior therapy for severe, treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder in an adolescent with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"72","author":"Krebs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref15","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0782-5","article-title":"Subclinical autism spectrum symptoms in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"25","author":"Arildskov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023040610384","article-title":"A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children","volume":"29","author":"Ehlers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30138","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands","volume":"134b","author":"Hanna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319844636","article-title":"Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"24","author":"Schnabel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.016","article-title":"Examining and comparing social perception abilities across childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"54","author":"Baribeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010","article-title":"A childrens global assessment scale (CGAS)","volume":"40","author":"Shaffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.04.035","article-title":"Comorbidity and treatment response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study of group cognitive-behavioral treatment","volume":"199","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiat Res"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.122","article-title":"Insomnia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a Swedish population-based cohort study","volume":"266","author":"Sevilla-Cerme\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050485","article-title":"Cortical Abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder working group","volume":"175","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref29","first-page":"40","article-title":"Autism spectrum symptoms in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder and their mothers","volume":"55","author":"Ozyurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Zohar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","article-title":"The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians","volume":"31","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.11.003","article-title":"Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder?","volume":"30","author":"Bartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1698-3_296","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders","author":"Constantino","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17010100","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical brain morphometry differences between patients with autism spectrum disorder and healthy individuals across the lifespan: results from the ENIGMA ASD working group","volume":"175","author":"van Rooij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13533","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and youth: neurocognitive function in clinic and community samples","volume":"63","author":"Schachar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19030331","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups","volume":"177","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000111555","article-title":"Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a preliminary case-controlled study","volume":"41","author":"Cath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(00)00048-7","article-title":"Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder in the NIMH MECA study: parent versus child identification of cases. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Rapoport","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0382-0","article-title":"Structural neuroimaging correlates of social deficits are similar in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: analysis from the POND Network","volume":"9","author":"Baribeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref38","volume-title":"The Social Communication Questionnaire","author":"Rutter","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref51","first-page":"387","article-title":"Dorsal striatal functional connectivity and repetitive behavior dimensions in children and youths with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimag"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref34","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4","author":"Higgins","year":"2023"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","article-title":"Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref55","first-page":"286","article-title":"Autistic\/schizotypal traits in adult-onset and adolescent obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder patients","volume":"28","author":"Memi\u015f","year":"2018","journal-title":"Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bul"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023","article-title":"Childrens Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: reliability and validity","volume":"36","author":"Scahill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.10.003","article-title":"Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"22","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-154","article-title":"Are healthcare workers\u2019 intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Herzog","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0936-0","article-title":"Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder with tic symptoms: clinical presentation and treatment outcome","volume":"26","author":"Hojgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-017-0714-3","article-title":"ASD traits among youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref58","first-page":"168","article-title":"The subthreshold autistic traits in patients with adult-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparative study with adolescent patients","volume":"54","author":"Oyku Memis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01078-5","article-title":"Do autistic traits predict outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder?","volume":"51","author":"Hojgaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.5.444","article-title":"Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity","volume":"175","author":"Berument","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01066-6","article-title":"An evaluation of a new autism-adapted cognitive behaviour therapy manual for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"52","author":"Jassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref4","volume-title":"Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder","year":"2025"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.09.005","article-title":"Corticostriatal functional connectivity in non-medicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Sakai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-1992-8","article-title":"Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism","volume":"35","author":"South","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.063","article-title":"Are the components of social reciprocity transdiagnostic across pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders? Evidence for common and disorder-specific social impairments","volume":"264","author":"Sturm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01361-w","article-title":"Diagnostic progression to schizophrenia in 35,255 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"273","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.05.002","article-title":"Developmental and clinical predictors of comorbidity for youth with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"93","author":"Peris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref74","first-page":"117","article-title":"Theory of mind in neurodevelopmental disorders: beyond autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"39","author":"Perez-Vigil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.052","article-title":"The intrinsic functional organization of the brain is altered in autism","volume":"39","author":"Kennedy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-011-0097-0","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"van Steensel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study","volume":"34","author":"Ehlers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56821-9","article-title":"Predictors of health-related quality of life for children with neurodevelopmental conditions","volume":"14","author":"Mahjoob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701662790","article-title":"Functional impairment in childhood OCD: development and psychometrics properties of the Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale-Revised (COIS-R)","volume":"36","author":"Piacentini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0922-1","article-title":"Autism and ADHD symptoms in patients with OCD: are they associated with specific OC symptom dimensions or OC symptom severity?","volume":"40","author":"Anholt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0031","article-title":"Prevalence of acute-onset subtypes in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"27","author":"Jaspers-Fayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01361-w","article-title":"Diagnostic progression to schizophrenia in 35,255 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"273","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref47","unstructured":"47 Wells, GA , Shea, B , O\u2019Connell, D , Peterson, J , Welch, V , Losos, M , et al. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 2021 (http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp)."},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0629-4","article-title":"Elevated autism spectrum disorder traits in young children with OCD","volume":"47","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61539-1","article-title":"Autism","volume":"383","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.03.012","article-title":"Outcomes of cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in young people with and without autism spectrum disorders: a case controlled study","volume":"228","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x","article-title":"Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies","volume":"32","author":"Caron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.04.002","article-title":"Preschool and current autistic symptoms in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"1","author":"Weidle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref37","volume-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2)","author":"Constantino","year":"2012"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0072-z","article-title":"Refinement of the Childrens Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ): an instrument that describes the diverse problems seen in milder forms of PDD","volume":"36","author":"Hartman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199612000-00016","article-title":"Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"35","author":"Geller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199501000-00009","article-title":"Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Hanna","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2023.100809","article-title":"Cognitive bias modification of interpretation training for youth with OCD: who benefits? Examining the role of OCD severity, interpretation bias, and autism symptoms","volume":"37","author":"Salemink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA. 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1584","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of the social communication questionnaire for autism spectrum with respect to age","volume":"9","author":"Barnard-Brak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01478-8","article-title":"Co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder in young people: prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102476","article-title":"Beyond diagnosis: cross-diagnostic features in canonical resting-state networks in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14040379","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of the concurrence of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Aymerich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0","article-title":"Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders","volume":"36","author":"Leyfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01921-4","article-title":"Examining clinical correlates, treatment outcomes and mediators in young people with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"32","author":"Jassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref54","first-page":"40","article-title":"Autism spectrum symptoms in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder and their mothers","volume":"55","author":"\u00d6zyurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"S2056472425109368_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2024.2431116","article-title":"Comparisons between obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania in terms of autistic traits and repetitive behaviors in adolescents","volume":"79","author":"Onat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2056472425109368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:11:49Z","timestamp":1768540309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2056472425109368\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2056472425109368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2025.10936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e39"}}