{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1787497227331,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109745_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between media portrayal of psychedelic drugs, scientific research and drug policy is an area of debate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109745_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To apply artificial intelligence technology to measure trends in media sentiment towards the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109745_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to 300 of the most relevant articles from Google News searches for the term \u2018psychedelics\u2019 were sampled for each year from 2000 to 2025. A large language model, ChatGPT, evaluated subject matter and sentiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109745_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 88.3% of screened URLs (3308 of 3747) were included in the analysis. The proportion of articles focusing on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics increased from 13.3% (26 of 198) from 2000 to 2009 to 85.3% (1254 of 1470) from 2020 to 2025. The average sentiment score from 2000 to 2025 for articles from all publications (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2168) was 78.5 \u00b1 9.3 (mean \u00b1 s.d.) (possible range: 1\u2013100). 1.3% (29 of 2168) of articles carried negative sentiment (&lt;50) whereas 4.8% (103 of 2168) had extremely positive sentiment (\u226590). Average sentiment reached a peak in 2020 (80.8 \u00b1 7.0), and a statistically significant trough in sentiment was observed in 2024 relative to 2020\u20132023 (2020\u20132023, 79.2; 2024, 74.3,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.00001, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test). The proportion of negative-neutral articles (\u226465) increased annually from a trough of 3.6% (8 of 267) in 2020 to a peak of 20.9% (43 of 253) in 2024. Artificial intelligence sentiment scores were correlated and concordant with average human rater scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.88, concordance correlation coefficient 0.84).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472425109745_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although most 21st-century media coverage of psychedelic drugs has been positively framed, negative and neutral coverage has increased in frequency since 2020. Researchers, clinicians, regulators and policy-makers should be mindful of the complex relationship between media portrayals of psychedelics and the results of scientific research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:38:06Z","timestamp":1770878286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trends in the psychedelic renaissance: applying artificial intelligence to measure media portrayal of psychedelic drugs in the 21st century"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9842-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Bender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj54h04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical 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Scottish Sun, 2025 (https:\/\/www.thescottishsun.co.uk\/sport\/14289871\/scotland-six-nations-injury-career-suicidal-psychedelic-drugs\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com [cited 16 Jun 2025])."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref14","unstructured":"14 Psychedelic Alpha. Mapping Psychedelic Drug Policy Reform in the United States. Psychedelic Alpha, 2025 (https:\/\/psychedelicalpha.com\/data\/psychedelic-laws [cited 3 Jun 2025])."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref34","unstructured":"34 National Institute on Drug Abuse. Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs . National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2023 (https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs [cited 23 May 2025])."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230681"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref12","unstructured":"12 Definium Therapeutics. MindMed Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation and Announces Positive 12-Week Durability Data from Phase 2B Study of MM120 for Generalized Anxiety Disorder . Definium Therapeutics, 2024 (https:\/\/ir.mindmed.co\/news-events\/press-releases\/detail\/137\/mindmed-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-and-announces-positive-12-week-durability-data-from-phase-2b-study-of-mm120-for-generalized-anxiety-disorder [cited 3 Jun 2025])."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref18","volume-title":"How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence","author":"Pollan","year":"2018"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/illinois\/9780252039195.001.0001"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref35","volume-title":"National Data on Substance Use Among Adults Ages 19 to 65, 1976-2023","author":"Patrick","year":"2024"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book.60680"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119857"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref24","unstructured":"24 Borrell, B. The Psychedelic Evangelist . The New York Times, 2024 (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/03\/21\/health\/psychedelics-roland-griffiths-johns-hopkins.html)."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref25","unstructured":"25 Silman, A. MDMA Therapy Could Be Legal by the Summer. Why Are So Many Advocates Sounding the Alarm? Business Insider, 2024 (https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/mdma-therapy-maps-lykos-rick-doblin-fda-legalization-trials-2024-5)."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref42","unstructured":"42 Hardman, J. Inside the FDA\u2019s Psychedelics Journey: Javier Muniz, MD on Breakthroughs, Challenges, and the Future of the Field . 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FDA\u2019s MDMA Rejection Delays PTSD Treatment Options . The Hill, 2024 (http:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/4846774-mdma-therapy-rejected-fda\/)."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.241191"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref51","unstructured":"51 Rosman, K , Egan, E. The Billionaire, the Psychedelics and the Best-Selling Memoir . The New York Times, 2025 (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/24\/nyregion\/amy-griffin-memoir-psychedelic-drugs.html)."},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56004"},{"key":"S2056472425109745_ref50","unstructured":"50 Grind, K , Twohey, M. On the Campaign Trail, Elon Musk Juggled Drugs and Family Drama . 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