{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:22:01Z","timestamp":1785417721911,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472426109818_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study examines the psychometric validity of the Subjective Traumatic Outlook (STO) questionnaire by evaluating its structural consistency and diagnostic performance in a conflict-affected context. The STO was used to measure trauma-related subjective distress at two time points following the terrorist attacks in Israel on 7 October 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426109818_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the STO as a concise and reliable assessment tool for populations affected by armed conflict.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426109818_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationally representative sample of 4097 participants responded at T1, of whom 2005 completed the study at T2. Data were collected during the ongoing war in Israel. Participants completed the STO alongside validated measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5) and International Trauma Questionnaire), depression, anxiety and adjustment disorder. Exploratory factor analyses were used to estimate one- to three-factor solutions using robust maximum likelihood estimation. Convergent validity was assessed through bivariate correlations with trauma- related measures. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to evaluate diagnostic utility for PTSD and complex PTSD per the ICD-11.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426109818_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory factor analysis supported a stable two-factor structure across both waves. The STO demonstrated strong internal consistency and stable convergent validity over time. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated that the four-item version matched or slightly outperformed the five-item version, suggesting improved parsimony without loss of diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426109818_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The stable factor structure of the STO and its strong psychometric properties across both waves within a wartime context support its utility for large-scale screening and early detection of trauma-related distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2026.10981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T07:37:49Z","timestamp":1771832269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structure and validity of the Subjective Traumatic Outlook questionnaire under conditions of continuous trauma"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4099-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shir","family":"Mor-Ben-Ishai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nz8qe97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ariel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7890-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menachem","family":"Ben-Ezra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nz8qe97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ariel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafit","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nz8qe97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ariel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.050"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1989.7.2.113"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref8","volume-title":"Deadliest Terrorist Attacks Worldwide from 1970 to January 2024, by Number of Fatalities and Perpetrator","year":"2026"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23446"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001801"},{"key":"S2056472426109818_ref4","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e71"}}