{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T05:30:47Z","timestamp":1786339847091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120523_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Task-sharing with non-specialist providers offers a promising solution to the mental health workforce shortage in low-resource settings. Supervision is essential to ensure treatment quality, but is often constrained by limited specialist availability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120523_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the costs of developing PEERS, a smartphone app that can facilitate registering and scheduling supervision sessions, collecting patient outcomes, rating therapy quality and assessing supervision quality among community-based non-specialist providers delivering behavioural activation for depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120523_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PEERS digital application was developed between June 2021 and September 2022 for use in Madhya Pradesh and Goa, India. Development involved contributions from researchers, clinicians, technology experts and end users. Activity-based costing was used to systematically document the inputs and expenditures involved in developing the PEERS app and its accompanying training materials from a health systems perspective. Key cost components included human resources, leadership, IT support and infrastructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120523_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total development costs were US\uff04130 027, with the costs of information technology accounting for the largest share (81%; US\uff04105 110). Human resource contributions accounted for 17% (US\uff0422 523), which included oversight and contributions from international research collaborators. Additional costs included overhead and infrastructure (US\uff042393).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120523_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital tools are increasingly being used to expand access to and support the delivery of mental health interventions in low-resource settings, yet few studies report on the development costs. By estimating the costs and resources required for developing a digital app for peer supervision, this study can inform efforts to facilitate broader implementation and adaptation of the app for use in other settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2026.12052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T05:27:30Z","timestamp":1786339650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the costs of developing a digital supervision tool for task-shared depression care: findings from a multi-site study in India"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1340-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreyas","family":"Kamat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luanna","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"},{"name":"Sangath"},{"name":"Antarman Centre of Psychosocial Wellbeing"},{"name":"Manipal Hospital Goa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Bhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit","family":"Nadkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina Akemi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3058-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia R.","family":"Pozuelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9865-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy Radha","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e71c577","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5axj25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Naslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.06.006"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref35","volume-title":"The World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving Performance","year":"2000"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30511-5"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176368"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000217"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31589-6"},{"key":"S2056472426120523_ref39","unstructured":"39 Wilkinson, T , Wang, M , Friedman, J , G\u00f6rgens, M. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e211"}}