{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1788746881698,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120729_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There have been limited studies investigating psychiatric outcomes of childhood trauma in individuals with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120729_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the associations of (a) intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning with childhood trauma up to age 11 years; and (b) childhood trauma with psychiatric diagnostic, prescribing and behavioural outcomes in adolescence and early adulthood among individuals with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120729_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective cohort study using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort with linked primary care data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120729_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 8661 participants, 310 had intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning and 107 had intellectual disability. We found increased odds of bullying (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.39\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      2.43) and sexual abuse (odds ratio = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.09\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      4.11) among individuals with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning compared with those without. In the group with intellectual disability, the odds of bullying were attenuated (odds ratio = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.97\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      2.86), and estimates for sexual abuse were imprecise (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.09\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      5.09). Among those with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning, we found increased odds of challenging behaviour (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.05\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      6.57), psychotropic prescribing (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.55\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      4.81), and suicidal and self-harm behaviours (odds ratio = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.15\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      10.20) in individuals who had experienced bullying, and increased odds of challenging behaviour (odds ratio = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.28\n                      <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                      8.53) in individuals who had experienced emotional abuse compared with those who had experienced no trauma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2056472426120729_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide evidence of increased odds of childhood bullying and sexual abuse among those with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning. In this group, bullying is associated with increased odds of challenging behaviour, psychotropic prescribing, and suicidal and self-harm behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2026.12072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T01:45:12Z","timestamp":1788745512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and outcomes of childhood trauma in people with intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning: findings from a prospective UK population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aurielle","family":"Goddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0524sp257","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bristol"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheeraj","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0524sp257","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bristol"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030qtrs05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)"},{"name":"University of Bristol"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Dardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0524sp257","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bristol"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030qtrs05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)"},{"name":"Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital"},{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1731-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack F. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e229"}}