{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1789560785088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S205647242612081X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The psychological consequences of hospital admission for COVID-19, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are under-researched.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S205647242612081X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the prevalence of, and risk factors for, psychological trauma symptoms in COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S205647242612081X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the Post-Hospitalisation COVID-19 (PHOSP-COVID) study of adults discharged from UK hospitals after COVID-19. Psychological trauma was assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 5 and 12 months after discharge. We used log binomial regression to identify risk factors for probable PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S205647242612081X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We describe 1565 study participants discharged from hospital between February 2020 and March 2021 following an admission for COVID-19. Most were male (61.3%), White (77.4%) and from more deprived areas (62%). Of these, 15% had probable PTSD (PCL-5 \u226534) at 5 months which was associated with being 18 to 50 years old (risk ratio: 3.0 (2.1\u2013 4.3),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), lower income (e.g. &lt;\u00a319,001, risk ratio 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 \u2013 2.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), longer admission and a history of depression or anxiety. Out of 236, 136 (57.6%) with probable PTSD at 5 months still had probable PTSD at 12 months. Persistence was associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission (risk ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.1\u20131.6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and higher anxiety and PCL-5 scores at 5 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S205647242612081X_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Probable PTSD was common 5 months after admission for COVID-19 and was associated with lower socioeconomic status, longer admission and previous depression or anxiety. Over half remained symptomatic at 12 months, associated with ICU admission and higher 5-month PCL-5 scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2026.12081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:01:01Z","timestamp":1789560061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probable post-traumatic stress disorder following discharge from hospital with COVID-19: prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evrim","family":"Anik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie","family":"Armour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Else","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Pei","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Horsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Leavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Elneima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish J. C.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amisha","family":"Singapuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sereno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory 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Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie B.","family":"Docherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazir I.","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh"},{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Quint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise V.","family":"Wain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases"},{"name":"University of 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The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD, 2013 (www.ptsd.va.gov)."},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.25315"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004551"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101629"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038915"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-218582"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518762040"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1398001"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1811894"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00260-7"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00375-3"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1106985"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253241298816"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0847-7"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.188"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-2615"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08726-1"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2019.314"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401"},{"key":"S205647242612081X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.07.007"}],"container-title":["BJPsych Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S205647242612081X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:01:05Z","timestamp":1789560065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S205647242612081X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S205647242612081X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjo.2026.12081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e240"}}