{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T15:40:16Z","timestamp":1726069216842},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12022,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cluster analysis was done on items concerned with the onset and development (including life events) of depressive illness derived from standardised interviews on 70 in-patients with that diagnosis. The resulting groups were compared for symptoms derived from the Present State Examination (PSE) and outcome, five years later. New Groupings were sought, based on onset and development data, to test their predictive power, and to observe how closely they replicated existing binary classifications and whether or not suggestions emerged for narrowing the concept of depressive illness. The groups were clinically recognisable, and measures of five-year outcome differed significantly between the groups. They have been designated as forms of \u2018Somatic depression\u2019, type I \u2018Slow onset\u2014depression of middle age\u2019; type II \u2018Rapid onset\u2014depression of middle age\u2019; type III \u2018Slow onset \u2014 depression of younger age\u2019; type IV \u2018Rapid onset \u2014 depression of younger age, and morbid distress. It is suggested that no simple binary classification is likely to prove as satisfactory for depression as a multi-axial method; the concept of \u2018morbid distress' is advanced as a way of narrowing the over-extended rubric of depressive illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.146.3.297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T19:20:52Z","timestamp":1218568852000},"page":"297-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Depressive Illness and Morbid Distress"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"J. R. M.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref17","volume-title":"Descriptions and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms","author":"Wing","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.122.5.531"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700007509"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.118.544.275"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref13","first-page":"423","article-title":"MICKA: A Fortran IV Iterative K-means cluster analysis program. Abstract","volume":"16","author":"McRae","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behavioural Science"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2528592"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(72)90007-6"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref9","unstructured":"Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Smith A. & Dewey M. E. (1985) Prevalence of mental illness amongst the elderly living in London. Submitted for publication."},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170005100X"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref5","volume-title":"The onset and development of depressive illness and its relationship to diagnosis","author":"Copeland","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref3","volume-title":"Social Origins of Depression","author":"Brown","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.137.3.256"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref6","first-page":"238","volume-title":"Sozialer stress und psychische Erkrankung","author":"Copeland","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref10","volume-title":"The Mind and Mood of Aging, Mental Health Problems of the Community Elderly in New York and London","author":"Gurland","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700046365"},{"key":"S0007125000121038_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(84)90020-X"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000121038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T19:21:12Z","timestamp":1558552872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000121038\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":["Onset and Development Data Examined against Five-Year Outcome"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000121038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.146.3.297","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,3]]}}}